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Finished first draft of isomorphic rust post

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@ -16,23 +16,22 @@ See, as much as [Webassembly isn't trying to replace Javascript](https://webasse
nicer and more fun at parties. But I cringe every time "Webpack" is mentioned, and I think it's hilarious nicer and more fun at parties. But I cringe every time "Webpack" is mentioned, and I think it's hilarious
that the [language specification](https://ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-402.htm) that the [language specification](https://ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-402.htm)
dramatically outpaces anyone's [actually implementing](https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es2016plus/) dramatically outpaces anyone's [actually implementing](https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es2016plus/)
the spec. The answer to this conundrum is of course to have a "polyfill" that translates the spec. The answer to this conundrum is of course to recompile code from newer versions of the language to
code from newer versions of the language to older versions of the language. At least older versions. At least [Babel] is a nice tongue-in-cheek reference.
[Babel] is a nice tongue-in-cheek reference.
And yet, for as much hate as [Electron] receives, it does a stunningly good job at solving Yet for as much hate as [Electron] receives, it does a stunningly good job at solving
a really hard problem: *how the hell do I put a button on the screen and react when the user clicks it*? a really hard problem: *how the hell do I put a button on the screen and react when the user clicks it*?
GUI programming is hard, straight up. But if browsers are already able to run everywhere, why don't GUI programming is hard, straight up. But if browsers are already able to run everywhere, why don't
we take advantage of someone else solving the hard problems for us? Don't reinvent wheels. I don't like we take advantage of someone else solving the hard problems for us? Don't reinvent wheels. I don't like
that I have to use Javascript for it, but I apparently don't mind Javascript enough that I feel inclined to that I have to use Javascript for it, but I apparently don't mind Javascript enough that I feel inclined to
whip out good ol' [wxWidgets]. whip out good ol' [wxWidgets].
Now, there are other "native" solutions ([libui-rs], [conrod], [oh hey wxWdidgets again!][wxRust]), Now there are other native solutions ([libui-rs], [conrod], [oh hey wxWdidgets again!][wxRust]),
but those also potentially have their own issues with distribution, styling, etc. but those also potentially have their own issues with distribution, styling, etc.
With Electron, I can `yarn create electron-app my-app` and just get going, knowing that distribution/upgrades/etc. With Electron, I can `yarn create electron-app my-app` and just get going, knowing that distribution/upgrades/etc.
are built in. are built in.
So the question is: given recent innovations with WASM, *are we Electron yet*? My question is: given recent innovations with WASM, *are we Electron yet*?
No, not really. No, not really.
@ -78,50 +77,177 @@ yarn install && yarn start
to prove that this is possible in the first place. And that's something to be proud of! to prove that this is possible in the first place. And that's something to be proud of!
There's a huge amount of engineering that went into showing a window with the text "It's alive!". There's a huge amount of engineering that went into showing a window with the text "It's alive!".
There's also a huge number of issues under the hood that prevent me from recommending anyone There's also a lot of usability issues that prevent me from recommending anyone try using Electron and WASM
try using Electron and WASM at the moment, and I think that's the more important thing to discuss. at the moment, and I think that's the more important thing to discuss.
# Issues: # Issue the First: Complicated Toolchains
- Have to use wasm-bindgen so symbols get exported and are usable I quickly established that [wasm-bindgen] was necessary to "link" my Rust code to Javascript. At that point
- Have to use webpack/babel after bindgen so we can compile to something that's usable in a browser you've got an Electron app that starts an HTML page which fetches Javascript. To keep things simple, the goal
- yew doesn't require wasm_bindgen, but doesn't link via webpack (env module) - think this is a stdweb issue was to package everything using [webpack] so that I could just load a `bundle.js` file on the page.
- Electron forces us to deal with MIME types - open webpack issue That decision was to be the last thing that kinda worked in this process.
- Incompatible low-level utilities - js-sys exists, but very fragmented with web-sys, stdweb, percy-webapis
- Can't include Cargo.lock so wasm-bindgen-cli is updated:
error: failed to extract wasm-bindgen custom sections
caused by:
it looks like the Rust project used to create this wasm file was linked against The first issue [I ran into](https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/98lpun/unable_to_load_wasm_for_electron_application/)
a different version of wasm-bindgen than this binary: while attempting to link things via Webpack is a detail in the WebAssembly spec:
rust wasm file: 0.2.21 > This function accepts a Response object, or a promise for one, and ...
> **[if it] does not match the `application/wasm` MIME type**, the returned promise
> will be rejected with a TypeError;
> [WebAssembly - Additional Web Embedding API](https://webassembly.org/docs/web/#additional-web-embedding-api)
Specifically, if you try and load a WebAssembly blob without the MIME type set, you'll get an error.
On the web, this isn't a huge issue because you actually have a server delivering the blob. With Electron,
you're resolving things with a `file://` URL, and thus can't control the MIME type.
There are a couple of solutions depending on how far into the deep end you care to venture:
- Embedding a static file server in your Electron application
- Using a [custom protocol](https://electronjs.org/docs/api/protocol) and custom protocol handler
- Hosting your WASM blob on a website, thus tying your users to the internet
But all of these are pretty bad solutions and defeat the purpose of using WASM in the first place. Instead,
my workaround was to [open a PR with webpack](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/7918) and
use regex to remove calls to `instantiateStreaming` in the
[build script](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/blob/master/percy/build.sh#L21-L25)
```sh
cargo +nightly build --target=wasm32-unknown-unknown && \
wasm-bindgen "$WASM_DIR/debug/$WASM_NAME.wasm" --out-dir "$APP_DIR" --no-typescript && \
# Have to use --mode=development so we can patch out the call to instantiateStreaming
"$DIR/node_modules/webpack-cli/bin/cli.js" --mode=development "$APP_DIR/app_loader.js" -o "$APP_DIR/bundle.js" && \
sed -i 's/.*instantiateStreaming.*//g' "$APP_DIR/bundle.js"
```
On a brighter note, once [another Webpack PR](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/pull/7983) lands,
the [build process](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/blob/master/percy_patched_webpack/build.sh#L24-L27)
becomes more straight-forward:
```sh
cargo +nightly build --target=wasm32-unknown-unknown && \
wasm-bindgen "$WASM_DIR/debug/$WASM_NAME.wasm" --out-dir "$APP_DIR" --no-typescript && \
"$DIR/node_modules/webpack-cli/bin/cli.js" --mode=production "$APP_DIR/app_loader.js" -o "$APP_DIR/bundle.js"
```
But we're not done yet! After we compile Rust into WASM and link WASM to JS (via `wasm-bindgen` and `webpack`),
we still have to make an Electron app. For this purpose I used an Electron starter app from [Electron Forge],
and then a [`prestart` script](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/blob/master/percy/package.json#L8)
to actually handle the build process.
So the [final toolchain](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/blob/master/percy/package.json#L8)
looks something like this:
- `yarn start` triggers the `prestart` script
- `prestart` checks for missing tooling (`wasm-bindgen-cli`, etc.) and then:
- Uses `cargo` to compile the Rust code into WASM
- Uses `wasm-bindgen` to link the WASM blob into a Javascript file with export symbols
- Uses `webpack` to bundle the page start script with the Javascript we just generated
- Uses `babel` under the hood to compile the `wasm-bindgen` down from ES6 to something browser-compatible
- The `start` script actually runs an Electron Forge handler to do some sanity checks
- Electron actually starts
...which is complicated. I think more work needs to be done to either build a high-quality starter app that
can manage these steps, or something tool "just handles" the complexity of linking a compiled WASM file into
something the browser can run.
# Issue the Second: WASM tools in Rust
For as much as I didn't enjoy the Javascript tooling needed to interface with Rust, the Rust-only bits aren't
any better at the moment. I get it, a lot of projects are just starting off, and that leads to a fragmented
ecosystem. So here's what I can recommend as a starting point:
There are two projects that are attempting to be actual "frameworks": [percy] and [yew]. Between those,
I got [two](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/tree/master/percy)
[examples](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/tree/master/percy_patched_webpack) running
using `percy`, but was unable to get an [example](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/tree/master/yew)
running with `yew` because of issues with "missing modules":
```sh
ERROR in ./dist/electron_yew_wasm_bg.wasm
Module not found: Error: Can't resolve 'env' in '/home/bspeice/Development/isomorphic_rust/yew/dist'
@ ./dist/electron_yew_wasm_bg.wasm
@ ./dist/electron_yew_wasm.js
@ ./dist/app.js
@ ./dist/app_loader.js
```
If you want to work with the browser APIs directly, your choices are [percy-webapis] or [stdweb] (or eventual [web-sys]).
See above for my `percy` examples, but when I [tried to use `stdweb`](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/tree/master/stdweb),
I was unable to get it running:
```sh
ERROR in ./dist/stdweb_electron_bg.wasm
Module not found: Error: Can't resolve 'env' in '/home/bspeice/Development/isomorphic_rust/stdweb/dist'
@ ./dist/stdweb_electron_bg.wasm
@ ./dist/stdweb_electron.js
@ ./dist/app_loader.js
```
At this point I'm pretty convinced that `stdweb` is the issue for `yew` as well, but can't prove it.
I did also get a [minimal example](https://github.com/bspeice/isomorphic_rust/tree/master/minimal) running
that doesn't depend on any frameworks, just `wasm-bindgen`. It would require manually writing `extern C`
blocks for everything in the browser though, so I don't recommend it.
Finally, from a frameworks view, there are two up-and-coming packages that should be mentioned:
If you're interested in building something from scratch, [js-sys] and [web-sys] are ones to keep your eyes on.
The idea is to generate all the browser interfaces for you, and leave you to do your thing in peace. I didn't
touch either though, as I'm lazy and wanted to wrap this up.
So there's a lot in play from the Rust side of things, and it's just going to take some time to figure out
what works and what doesn't.
# Issue the Third: Known Unknowns
Alright, so after I managed to get an application started, I stopped there. It was an incredible amount of effort
to chain together everything that was needed, and at this point I'd just rather learn [Typescript] than keep
trying to maintain an incredibly brittle pipeline. Blasphemy, I know...
The important point I want to make is that there's a lot uknown about how any of this would hold up outside
of proofs of concept <span style="font-size:.6em">(proof of concepts? proofs of concepts?)</span>.
Things I didn't attempt:
- Testing
- Packaging
- Updates
- Literally anything related to why I wanted to use Electron in the first place
And even outside Electron, the Rust tools are pretty brittle; if someone manages to install a version of `wasm-bindgen-cli`
different from what's in your `Cargo.lock`, they receive a nasty error:
```
it looks like the Rust project used to create this wasm file was linked against
a different version of wasm-bindgen than this binary:
rust wasm file: 0.2.21
this binary: 0.2.17 this binary: 0.2.17
Currently the bindgen format is unstable enough that these two version must Currently the bindgen format is unstable enough that these two version must
exactly match, so it's required that these two version are kept in sync by exactly match, so it's required that these two version are kept in sync by
either updating the wasm-bindgen dependency or this binary. You should be able either updating the wasm-bindgen dependency or this binary.
to update the wasm-bindgen dependency with: ```
cargo update -p wasm-bindgen # What it Would Take
or you can update the binary with Much as I don't like Javascript, the foundation is too shaky for me to recommend mixing Electron and WASM
at the moment. There's a lot of innovation happening here, so who knows? Someone might have an application in production
a couple months from now. But at the moment, I'm personally going to stay away.
cargo install -f wasm-bindgen-cli Let's finish then with a wishlist. Here are the things that I think need to happen before Electron/WASM/Rust
can become a thing:
if this warning fails to go away though and you're not sure what to do feel free - Webpack still needs some updates. The necessary work is in progress, but hasn't landed yet ([#7983](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/pull/7983))
to open an issue at https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/issues! - Browser API libraries ([web-sys] and [stdweb]) need to make sure they can support running in Electron (see module error above)
- `wasm-bindgen` is great, but still in the "move fast and break things" phase
error Command failed with exit code 1. - A good "boilerplate" app would dramatically simplify the start costs; [electron-react-boilerplate](https://github.com/chentsulin/electron-react-boilerplate)
info Visit https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/cli/run for documentation about this command. comes to mind
- More blog posts/contributors! I think Electron + Rust could be cool, but I have no idea what I'm doing
- Things I didn't try: wasm-pack to publish to NPM or local registry and pull down from there, static file server in Electron
[wxwidgets]: https://wxwidgets.org/ [wxwidgets]: https://wxwidgets.org/
[libui-rs]: https://github.com/LeoTindall/libui-rs/ [libui-rs]: https://github.com/LeoTindall/libui-rs/
[electron]: https://electronjs.org/ [electron]: https://electronjs.org/
[babel]: https://github.com/babel/babel [babel]: https://babeljs.io/
[conrod]: https://github.com/PistonDevelopers/conrod
[wxRust]: https://github.com/kenz-gelsoft/wxRust [wxRust]: https://github.com/kenz-gelsoft/wxRust
[wasm-bindgen]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen [wasm-bindgen]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen
[js-sys]: https://crates.io/crates/js-sys [js-sys]: https://crates.io/crates/js-sys
@ -133,11 +259,9 @@ try using Electron and WASM at the moment, and I think that's the more important
[yew]: https://github.com/DenisKolodin/yew [yew]: https://github.com/DenisKolodin/yew
[react]: https://reactjs.org/ [react]: https://reactjs.org/
[elm]: http://elm-lang.org/ [elm]: http://elm-lang.org/
[wasm-pack]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack
[cargo-web]: https://github.com/koute/cargo-web
[percy-test]: https://github.com/chinedufn/percy/tree/master/examples/unit-testing-components
[asm.js]: http://asmjs.org/ [asm.js]: http://asmjs.org/
[emscripten]: https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/ [emscripten]: https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/
[gulpjs]: https://gulpjs.com/
[typescript]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/ [typescript]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/
[vuejs]: https://vuejs.org/ [electron forge]: https://electronforge.io/
[conrod]: https://github.com/PistonDevelopers/conrod
[webpack]: https://webpack.js.org/