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layout: post
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title: "Representing Hierarchies - The Reference Stack Pattern"
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description: ""
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category:
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tags: [rust]
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---
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Of late, I've been working to add support for Rust to the [Kaitai Struct](https://kaitai.io/) project. The idea is to describe data formats
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using a YAML schema, and then generate all the code needed for parsing them. Kind of like if you replaced packages like `nom` with a YAML
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document instead of macros in code.
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While the project specifics aren't incredibly important, it did force me to take a look at how hierarchies are represented
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in Rust, something that [many people](https://hackernoon.com/why-im-dropping-rust-fd1c32986c88#37ee) struggle with. The basic
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problem formulation is simple:
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- A root/parent object owns some number of child objects
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- Each child needs access to all its parents to do some work
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The specifics are what make this a bit complicated:
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- Each node in this tree can be of a different (though sometimes predictable) type
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- If possible, we'd like to avoid `Rc` (performance, `no_std`, pick a reason)
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This hierarchical or "DOM-like" structure shows up in two places that I'm familiar with, but is generic enough to be used in a broad range
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of applications. The first example is parser generators (like Kaitai); as an example, describing the [Websocket](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc6455/)
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[format](https://github.com/kaitai-io/kaitai_struct_formats/blob/861b2fd048252a8092b8d04c2e9f91d0be3671a9/network/websocket.ksy)
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requires that every dataframe after the initial know the message type of the first (be it text or binary). The second example is in GUIs,
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where you typically describe an application as a collection of widgets.
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We'll develop a toy DOM-like example as motivation, and look at how it can be extended to accommodate more specific situations as necessary.
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