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@ -4,22 +4,20 @@
<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="description" content="I listen to a lot of Drum and Bass music, because it&#39;s beautiful music. And there&#39;s a particular site, Bassdrive.com that hosts a lot of great content. Specifically, the archives section of the ...">
<meta name="description" content="I listen to a lot of Drum and Bass music, because it&#39;s beautiful music. And there&#39;s a particular site, Bassdrive.com that hosts a lot of great content. Specifically, the archives section of the...">
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<title>A Rustic Re-Podcasting Server (Part 1) - Bradlee Speice</title>
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@ -52,7 +39,7 @@
<div class="container">
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@ -67,12 +54,12 @@
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="header-content">
<h1 class="header-title">A Rustic Re-Podcasting Server (Part 1)</h1>
<p class="header-date"> <a href="https://bspeice.github.io/author/bradlee-speice.html">Bradlee Speice</a>, Sat 22 October 2016, <a href="https://bspeice.github.io/category/blog.html">Blog</a></p>
<p class="header-date"> <a href="/author/bradlee-speice.html">Bradlee Speice</a>, Sat 22 October 2016, <a href="/category/blog.html">Blog</a></p>
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<p class="pull-right header-tags">
<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-tags mr5" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<a href="https://bspeice.github.io/tag/nutone.html">nutone</a>, <a href="https://bspeice.github.io/tag/rust.html">Rust</a> </p>
<a href="/tag/nutone.html">nutone</a>, <a href="/tag/rust.html">Rust</a> </p>
</div>
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@ -128,15 +115,15 @@ on some bad cases, <code>str &lt;-&gt; bytes</code> specifically), but Rust is h
should be incredibly simple: All I want is to echo back
<code>Didn't find URL: &lt;url&gt;</code>. Shouldn't be that hard right? In Python I'd just do
something like:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">echo_handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">echo_handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s2">&quot;You&#39;re visiting: {}&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>And we'd call it a day. Rust isn't so simple. Let's start with the trivial
examples people post online:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;You found the server!&quot;</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;You found the server!&quot;</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -145,22 +132,22 @@ examples people post online:</p>
version! All we need to do is just send back a string of some form. So, we
look up the documentation for <a href="http://ironframework.io/doc/iron/request/struct.Request.html"><code>Request</code></a> and see a <code>url</code> field that will contain
what we want. Let's try the first iteration:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: &quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: &quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<p>Which yields the error:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre>error[E0369]: binary operation `+` cannot be applied to type `&amp;&#39;static str`
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>error[E0369]: binary operation `+` cannot be applied to type `&amp;&#39;static str`
</pre></div>
<p>OK, what's going on here? Time to start Googling for <a href="https://www.google.com/#q=concatenate+strings+in+rust">"concatenate strings in Rust"</a>. That's what we
want to do right? Concatenate a static string and the URL.</p>
<p>After Googling, we come across a helpful <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.concat!.html"><code>concat!</code></a> macro that looks really nice! Let's try that one:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">))))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">))))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -172,8 +159,8 @@ at compile time what <code>req.url</code> is. Which, in my outsider opinion, is
strange. <code>println!</code> and <code>format!</code>, etc., all handle values they don't know at
compile time. Why can't <code>concat!</code>? By any means, we need a new plan of attack.
How about we try formatting strings?</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: {}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">))))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;You found the URL: {}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">))))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -204,9 +191,9 @@ working on things that are a bit more complex?</p>
<p>We're going to cover that here. Our first try: creating a function which returns
other functions. This is a principle called <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/a/36321/1454178">currying</a>. We set up a function that allows us to keep some data in scope
for another function to come later.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">build_handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">build_handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span>: <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nb">Fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">_</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -215,7 +202,7 @@ for another function to come later.</p>
<p>We've simply set up a function that returns another anonymous function with the
<code>message</code> parameter scoped in. If you compile this, you get not 1, not 2, but 5
new errors. 4 of them are the same though:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre>error[E0277]: the trait bound `for&lt;&#39;r, &#39;r, &#39;r&gt; std::ops::Fn(&amp;&#39;r mut iron::Request&lt;&#39;r, &#39;r&gt;) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;iron::Response, iron::IronError&gt; + &#39;static: std::marker::Sized` is not satisfied
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>error[E0277]: the trait bound `for&lt;&#39;r, &#39;r, &#39;r&gt; std::ops::Fn(&amp;&#39;r mut iron::Request&lt;&#39;r, &#39;r&gt;) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;iron::Response, iron::IronError&gt; + &#39;static: std::marker::Sized` is not satisfied
</pre></div>
@ -243,19 +230,19 @@ we've been working with so far.</p>
<p>The principle is that we need to define a new <code>struct</code> to hold our data, then
implement that <code>handle()</code> method to return the result. Something that looks
like this might do:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EchoHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nc">EchoHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span>: <span class="nb">String</span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EchoHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nc">IronResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="c1">// Later in the code when we set up the router...</span>
<span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EchoHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Is it working yet?&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span>: <span class="s">&quot;Is it working yet?&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -264,38 +251,38 @@ like this might do:</p>
<p>We attempt to build a struct, and give its <code>handle</code> method off to the router
so the router knows what to do.</p>
<p>You guessed it, more errors:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">error</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">attempted</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">take</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">type</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">EchoHandler</span><span class="err">`</span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">error</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">attempted</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">take</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">type</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">EchoHandler</span><span class="err">`</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Now, the Rust compiler is actually a really nice fellow, and offers us help:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">maybe</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="o">()</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="k">is</span> <span class="n">missing</span><span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">If</span> <span class="n">not</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">an</span> <span class="n">anonymous</span> <span class="kd">function</span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">maybe</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="o">()</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="k">is</span> <span class="n">missing</span><span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">If</span> <span class="n">not</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">an</span> <span class="n">anonymous</span> <span class="kd">function</span>
</pre></div>
<p>We definitely don't want to call that function, so maybe try an anonymous
function as it recommends?</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<p>Another error:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre>error[E0373]: closure may outlive the current function, but it borrows `echo`, which is owned by the current function
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>error[E0373]: closure may outlive the current function, but it borrows `echo`, which is owned by the current function
</pre></div>
<p>Another helpful message:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">force</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">closure</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">take</span> <span class="n">ownership</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">any</span> <span class="n">other</span> <span class="n">referenced</span> <span class="n">variables</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">keyword</span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">force</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">closure</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">take</span> <span class="n">ownership</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">any</span> <span class="n">other</span> <span class="n">referenced</span> <span class="n">variables</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="err">`</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="err">`</span> <span class="n">keyword</span>
</pre></div>
<p>We're getting closer though! Let's implement this change:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">req</span>: <span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<p>And here's where things get strange:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre>error[E0507]: cannot move out of borrowed content
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>error[E0507]: cannot move out of borrowed content
--&gt; src/main.rs:18:40
|
18 | Ok(Response::with((status::Ok, self.message)))
@ -320,7 +307,7 @@ instead of transferring ownership</li>
audience out. Because <code>iron</code> won't accept a reference, we are forced into the
second option: making a copy. To do so, we just need to change the function
to look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">())))</span><span class="w"></span>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Response</span>::<span class="n">with</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">status</span>::<span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">())))</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
@ -356,20 +343,6 @@ incredibly precise about how I use it.</p>
going to take me a lot longer to do this than I originally thought.</p>
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<dd><a href="https://bspeice.github.io/predicting-santander-customer-happiness.html">Predicting Santander Customer Happiness</a></dd>
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<dt>Fri 26 February 2016</dt>
<dd><a href="https://bspeice.github.io/profitability-using-the-investment-formula.html">Profitability using the Investment Formula</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/profitability-using-the-investment-formula.html">Profitability using the Investment Formula</a></dd>
<dt>Wed 03 February 2016</dt>
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<dd><a href="/guaranteed-money-maker.html">Guaranteed Money Maker</a></dd>
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<dt>Sat 26 December 2015</dt>
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<dt>Fri 27 November 2015</dt>
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<h1 class="header-title">Captain's Cookbook - Part 1</h1>
<p class="header-date"> <a href="/author/bradlee-speice.html">Bradlee Speice</a>, Tue 16 January 2018, <a href="/category/blog.html">Blog</a></p>
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<h1>Captain's Cookbook - Part 1</h1>
<p>I've been working a lot with <a href="https://capnproto.org/">Cap'N Proto</a> recently with Rust, but there's a real dearth of information
on how to set up and get going quickly. In the interest of trying to get more people using this (because I think it's
fantastic), I'm going to work through a couple of examples detailing what exactly should be done to get going.</p>
<p>So, what is Cap'N Proto? It's a data serialization library. It has contemporaries with <a href="https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/">Protobuf</a>
and <a href="https://google.github.io/flatbuffers/">FlatBuffers</a>, but is better compared with FlatBuffers. The whole point behind it
is to define a schema language and serialization format such that:</p>
<ol>
<li>Applications that do not share the same base programming language can communicate</li>
<li>The data and schema you use can naturally evolve over time as your needs change</li>
</ol>
<p>Accompanying this are typically code generators that take the schemas you define for your application and give you back
code for different languages to get data to and from that schema.</p>
<p>Now, what makes Cap'N Proto different from, say, Protobuf, is that there is no serialization/deserialization step the same way
as is implemented with Protobuf. Instead, the idea is that the message itself can be loaded in memory and used directly there.</p>
<p>We're going to take a look at a series of progressively more complex projects that use Cap'N Proto in an effort to provide some
examples of what idiomatic usage looks like, and shorten the startup time needed to make use of this library in Rust projects.
If you want to follow along, feel free. If not, I've posted <a href="https://github.com/bspeice/capnp_cookbook_1">the final result</a>
for reference.</p>
<h1>Step 1: Installing <code>capnp</code></h1>
<p>The <code>capnp</code> binary itself is needed for taking the schema files you write and turning them into a format that can be used by the
code generation libraries. Don't ask me what that actually means, I just know that you need to make sure this is installed.</p>
<p>I'll refer you to <a href="https://capnproto.org/install.html">Cap'N Proto's installation instructions</a> here. As a quick TLDR though:</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux users will likely have a binary shipped by their package manager - On Ubuntu, <code>apt install capnproto</code> is enough</li>
<li>OS X users can use <a href="https://brew.sh/">Homebrew</a> as an easy install path. Just <code>brew install capnp</code></li>
<li>Windows users are a bit more complicated. If you're using <a href="https://chocolatey.org/">Chocolatey</a>, there's <a href="https://chocolatey.org/packages/capnproto/">a package</a> available. If that doesn't work however, you need to download <a href="https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-0.6.1.zip">a release zip</a> and make sure that the <code>capnp.exe</code> binary is in your <code>%PATH%</code> environment variable</li>
</ul>
<p>The way you know you're done with this step is if the following command works in your shell:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>capnp id
</pre></div>
<h1>Step 2: Starting a Cap'N Proto Rust project</h1>
<p>After the <code>capnp</code> binary is set up, it's time to actually create our Rust project. Nothing terribly complex here, just a simple</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>mkdir capnp_cookbook_1
<span class="nb">cd</span> capnp_cookbook_1
cargo init --bin
</pre></div>
<p>We'll put the following content into <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">[package]</span>
<span class="na">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;capnp_cookbook_1&quot;</span>
<span class="na">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;0.1.0&quot;</span>
<span class="na">authors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">[&quot;Bradlee Speice