---
slug: 2025/03/playing-with-fire-camera
title: "Playing with fire: The camera"
date: 2025-03-07 12:00:00
authors: [bspeice]
tags: []
---

Something that bugged me while writing the first three articles on fractal flames were the constraints on
output images. At the time, I had worked out how to render fractal flames by studying
the source code of [Apophysis](https://sourceforge.net/projects/apophysis/)
and [flam3](https://github.com/scottdraves/flam3). That was just enough to define a basic camera for displaying
in a browser.

Having spent more time with fractal flames and computer graphics, it's time to implement
some missing features.

<!-- truncate -->

## Restrictions

To review, the restrictions we've had so far:

> ...we need to convert from fractal flame coordinates to pixel coordinates.
> To simplify things, we'll assume that we're _plotting a square image_ with range $[0,1]$ for both x and y
>
> -- [The fractal flame algorithm](/2024/11/playing-with-fire)

There are a couple problems here:

First, the assumption that fractals get displayed in a square image. Ignoring aspect ratios simplifies
the render process, but we usually don't want square images. As a workaround, you could render
a large square image and crop it to fit an aspect ratio, but it's better to render the desired
image size to start with.

Second, the assumption that fractals use the range $[0, 1]$. My statement above is an over-simplification;
for Sierpinski's Gasket, the solution set is indeed defined on $[0, 1]$, but all other images in the series
use a display range of $[-2, 2]$.

Finally, the camera controls available in Apophysis/[`flam3`](https://github.com/scottdraves/flam3/wiki/XML-File-Format)
have a number of settings that were simply not implemented so far:

<center>![Screenshot of Apophysis camera controls](./camera-controls.png)</center>

The parameters remaining to implement are scale, zoom, rotation, and position.

## Scale

Fractal flames are defined on a continuous range. At some point, we must convert from fractal flame coordinates
into specific pixels, and scale is the parameter we use to do it. Specifically, scale is **the number of pixels
in one unit of the fractal flame coordinate system**.

For example, if you open the [reference parameters](../params.flame) in a text editor, you'll see the following:

```xml
<flame name="final xform" size="600 600" center="0 0" scale="150">
```

This says that the final image should be 600 pixels wide and 600 pixels tall, centered at the point $(0, 0)$,
with 150 pixels per unit. Dividing 600 by 150 gives us an image that is 4 units wide and 4 units tall.
And because the center is at $(0, 0)$, the final image is effectively looking at the range $[-2, 2]$ in the
fractal coordinate system (as mentioned above).

Scale can be used to implement a kind of "zoom" in images. If the reference parameters instead used `scale="300"`,
the same 600 pixels would instead be looking at the range $[-1, 1]$ in the fractal coordinate system.

This also demonstrates the biggest problem with using scale: it's a parameter that only controls the output image.
If the output image changed to `size="1200 1200"`, and scale stayed the same, the output image would have
a lot more white space. Instead, it's usually better to use a different parameter for controlling image size.

## Zoom


## Rotation

## Offset



import CodeBlock from "@theme/CodeBlock";

import cameraSource from "!!raw-loader!./camera"

<CodeBlock language="typescript">{cameraSource}</CodeBlock>

import {SquareCanvas} from "../src/Canvas";
import FlameCamera from "./FlameCamera";

<SquareCanvas name={"flame_camera"} width={'95%'} aspectRatio={'4/3'}><FlameCamera /></SquareCanvas>