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+---
+layout: post
+title: "Static Polymorphism"
+description: "Emulating Traits in C++"
+category:
+tags: [python]
+---
+
+# Simple Example
+
+Accept parameter types, return known type.
+
+# Generic return
+
+Same parameter signature, but return different types - `AsRef`
+
+# Associated types
+
+`.as_iter()`, and the iterator item types
+
+# Arbitrary `self`
+
+[`std::enable_shared_from_this`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this)
+
+`enable_unique_from_this` doesn't make a whole lot of sense, but Rust can do it:
+
+```rust
+struct MyStruct {}
+
+impl MyStruct {
+    fn my_function(self: &Box<Self>) {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let unboxed = MyStruct {};
+    // error[E0599]: no method named `my_function` found for struct `MyStruct` in the current scope
+    // unboxed.my_function();
+
+    let boxed = Box::new(MyStruct {});
+    boxed.my_function();
+    boxed.my_function();
+}
+```
+
+Interestingly enough, can't bind `static` version using equality:
+
+```c++
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+#include <concepts>
+
+std::uint64_t free_get_value() {
+    return 24;
+}
+
+class MyClass {
+public:
+    // <source>:11:47: error: invalid pure specifier (only '= 0' is allowed) before ';' token
+    std::uint64_t get_value() = free_get_value;
+};
+
+int main() {
+    auto x = MyClass {};
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+Turns out the purpose of `enable_shared_from_this` is so that you can create new shared instances of
+yourself from within yourself, it doesn't have anything to do with enabling extra functionality
+depending on whether you're owned by a shared pointer. _At best_, you could have other runtime
+checks to see if you're owned exclusively, or as part of some other smart pointer, but the type
+system can't enforce that. And if you're _not_ owned by that smart pointer, what then? Exceptions?
+
+UFCS would be able to help with this - define new methods like:
+
+```c++
+template<>
+void do_a_thing(std::unique_ptr<MyType> value) {}
+```
+
+In this case, the extension is actually on `unique_ptr`, but the overload resolution applies only to
+pointers of `MyType`. Note that `shared_ptr` and others seem to work by overloading `operator ->` to
+proxy function calls to the delegates; you could inherit `std::shared_ptr` and specialize the
+template to add methods for specific classes I guess? But it's still inheriting `shared_ptr`, you
+can't define things directly on it.
+
+Generally, "you can just use free functions" seems like a shoddy explanation. We could standardize
+overload `MyClass_init` as a constructor, etc., but the language is designed to assist us so we
+don't have to do crap like that. I do hope UFCS becomes a thing.
+
+# Default implementation
+
+First: example of same name, different arguments. Not possible in Rust.
+
+Can you bind a free function in a non-static way? Pseudocode:
+
+```c++
+template<typename T>
+concept DoMethod = requires (T a) {
+    { a.do_method(std::declval<std::uint64_t>() } -> std::same_as<std::uint64_t>;
+    { a.do_method() } -> std::same_as<std::uint64_t>;
+}
+
+template<typename T> requires DoMethod<T>
+std::uint64_t free_do_method(T& a) {
+    a.do_method(0);
+}
+
+class MyClass {
+public:
+    std::uint64_t do_method(std::uint64_t value) {
+        return value * 2;
+    }
+
+    // Because the free function still needs a "this" reference (unlike Javascript which has a
+    // floating `this`), we can't bind as `std::uint64_t do_method() = free_do_method`
+    std::uint64_t do_method() {
+        return free_do_method(this);
+    }
+};
+```
+
+# Require concept methods to take `const this`?
+
+# Move/consume `self` as opposed to `&self`?
+
+Is there a way to force `std::move(object).method()`?
+
+# Require static methods on a class?
+
+# `override`, or other means of verifying a function implements a requirement?
+
+# Local trait implementation of remote types?
+
+AKA "extension methods". UFCS can accomplish this, and could use free functions to handle instead,
+but having the IDE auto-complete `.<the next thing>` is exceedingly useful, as opposed to memorizing
+what functions are necessary for conversion. We're not changing what's possible, just making it
+easier for humans.
+
+Likely requires sub-classing the remote class. Implicit conversions don't _really_ work because they
+must be defined on the remote type.
+
+Rust makes this weird because you have to `use ClientExt` to bring the methods in scope, but the
+trait name might not show up because `impl ClientExt for RemoteStruct` is defined elsewhere.
+Alternately, `ClientExt: AnotherTrait` implementations where the default `ClientExt` implementation
+is used.
+
+# Automatic markers?
+
+Alternately, conditional inheritance based on templates?
+
+# Trait objects as arguments
+
+```rust
+trait MyTrait {
+    fn some_method(&self);
+}
+
+fn my_function(value: &dyn MyTrait) {
+
+}
+```
+
+C++ can't explicitly use vtable as part of concepts:
+
+```c++
+template<typename T, typename = std::enable_if_t<...>>
+void my_function(T& value) {}
+```
+
+...is equivalent to:
+
+```rust
+fn my_function<T: MyTrait>(value: &T) {}
+```
+
+vtable is automatically used if declared virtual.
+
+`dyn Trait` seems to be used in Rust mostly for type erasure - `Box<Pin<dyn Future>>` for example,
+but is generally fairly rare, and C++ probably doesn't suffer for not having it. Can use inheritance
+to force virtual if truly necessary, but not sure why you'd need that.