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Update Compiler Explorer links
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Now let's address some conditions and caveats before going much further:
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([`malloc`](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_malloc.htm)) that we'll ignore.
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([`malloc`](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_malloc.htm)) that we'll ignore.
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- We'll assume a "debug" build of Rust code (what you get with `cargo run` and `cargo test`)
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- We'll assume a "debug" build of Rust code (what you get with `cargo run` and `cargo test`)
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and address (pun intended) release mode at the end (`cargo run --release` and `cargo test --release`).
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and address (pun intended) release mode at the end (`cargo run --release` and `cargo test --release`).
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- All content will be run using Rust 1.31, as that's the highest currently supported in the
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- All content will be run using Rust 1.32, as that's the highest currently supported in the
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[Compiler Exporer](https://godbolt.org/). As such, we'll avoid upcoming innovations like
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[Compiler Exporer](https://godbolt.org/). As such, we'll avoid upcoming innovations like
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[compile-time evaluation of `static`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0911-const-fn.md)
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[compile-time evaluation of `static`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0911-const-fn.md)
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that are available in nightly.
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that are available in nightly.
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@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub fn multiply(value: u32) -> u32 {
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value * (*CELL.get_mut())
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value * (*CELL.get_mut())
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/ZMjmdM)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/2KXUcN)
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The compiler only creates one `RefCell`, and uses it everywhere. However, that value
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The compiler only creates one `RefCell`, and uses it everywhere. However, that value
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is fully realized at compile time, and is fully stored in the `.L__unnamed_1` section.
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is fully realized at compile time, and is fully stored in the `.L__unnamed_1` section.
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@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ pub fn multiply_twice(value: u32) -> u32 {
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value * FACTOR * FACTOR
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value * FACTOR * FACTOR
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://odbolt.org/z/Qc7tHM)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/_JiT9O)
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In this example, the `FACTOR` value is turned into the `mov edi, 1000` instruction
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In this example, the `FACTOR` value is turned into the `mov edi, 1000` instruction
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in both the `multiply` and `multiply_twice` functions; the "1000" value is never
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in both the `multiply` and `multiply_twice` functions; the "1000" value is never
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@ -279,9 +279,9 @@ pub fn multiply_twice(value: u32) -> u32 {
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value * FACTOR * FACTOR
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value * FACTOR * FACTOR
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/MGBr5Y)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/bSfBxn)
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Where [previously](https://godbolt.org/z/MGBr5Y) there were plenty of
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Where [previously](https://godbolt.org/z/_JiT90) there were plenty of
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references to multiplying by 1000, the new assembly refers to `FACTOR`
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references to multiplying by 1000, the new assembly refers to `FACTOR`
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as a named memory location instead. No initialization work needs to be done,
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as a named memory location instead. No initialization work needs to be done,
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but the compiler can no longer prove the value never changes during execution.
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but the compiler can no longer prove the value never changes during execution.
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@ -439,9 +439,7 @@ everything is on the heap. JIT compilers ([PyPy](https://www.pypy.org/),
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optimize some heap allocations away, but you should never assume it will happen.
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optimize some heap allocations away, but you should never assume it will happen.
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C makes things clear with calls to special functions ([malloc(3)](https://linux.die.net/man/3/malloc)
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C makes things clear with calls to special functions ([malloc(3)](https://linux.die.net/man/3/malloc)
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is one) being the way to use heap memory. Old C++ has the [`new`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/655086/1454178)
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is one) being the way to use heap memory. Old C++ has the [`new`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/655086/1454178)
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keyword, though modern C++/C++11 is more complicated with [RAII](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/raii)
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keyword, though modern C++/C++11 is more complicated with [RAII](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/raii).
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([`std::make_unique()`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr/make_unique) and
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[`std::make_shared()`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr/make_shared))
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For Rust specifically, the principle is this: *stack allocation will be used for everything
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For Rust specifically, the principle is this: *stack allocation will be used for everything
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that doesn't involve "smart pointers" and collections.* If we're interested in proving
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that doesn't involve "smart pointers" and collections.* If we're interested in proving
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@ -458,9 +456,9 @@ it though, there are three things to watch for:
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x
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x
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/gKFOgB)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/5WSgc9)
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2. Tracking when heap allocation calls happen is difficult. It's typically easier to
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2. Tracking when exactly heap allocation calls happen is difficult. It's typically easier to
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watch for `call core::ptr::drop_in_place`, and infer that a heap allocation happened
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watch for `call core::ptr::drop_in_place`, and infer that a heap allocation happened
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in the recent past:
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in the recent past:
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```rust
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```rust
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@ -472,7 +470,7 @@ it though, there are three things to watch for:
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x
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x
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/T2xoh8) (`drop_in_place` happens on line 1321)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/epfgoQ) (`drop_in_place` happens on line 1317)
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<span style="font-size: .8em">Note: While the [`Drop` trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html)
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<span style="font-size: .8em">Note: While the [`Drop` trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html)
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is called for stack-allocated objects, the Rust standard library only defines `Drop` implementations
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is called for stack-allocated objects, the Rust standard library only defines `Drop` implementations
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for types that involve heap allocation.</span>
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for types that involve heap allocation.</span>
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@ -531,8 +529,8 @@ or your data is of unknown or dynamic size, you'll make use of these types.
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The term [smart pointer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_pointer)
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The term [smart pointer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_pointer)
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comes from C++, and is used to describe objects that are responsible for managing
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comes from C++, and is used to describe objects that are responsible for managing
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ownership of data allocated on the heap. Some familiar smart pointers come from the
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ownership of data allocated on the heap. The smart pointers available in the `alloc`
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low-level `alloc` crate:
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crate should look rather familiar:
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- [`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html)
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- [`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html)
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- [`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/rc/struct.Rc.html)
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- [`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/rc/struct.Rc.html)
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- [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/sync/struct.Arc.html)
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- [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/sync/struct.Arc.html)
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@ -561,26 +559,26 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
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use std::borrow::Cow;
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use std::borrow::Cow;
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pub fn my_box() {
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pub fn my_box() {
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// Drop at line 1674
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// Drop at line 1640
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Box::new(0);
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Box::new(0);
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}
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}
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pub fn my_rc() {
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pub fn my_rc() {
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// Drop at line 1684
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// Drop at line 1650
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Rc::new(0);
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Rc::new(0);
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}
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}
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pub fn my_arc() {
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pub fn my_arc() {
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// Drop at line 1694
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// Drop at line 1660
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Arc::new(0);
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Arc::new(0);
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}
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}
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pub fn my_cow() {
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pub fn my_cow() {
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// Drop at line 1707
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// Drop at line 1672
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Cow::from("drop");
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Cow::from("drop");
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/QOPR4V)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/SaDpWg)
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Collections types use heap memory because they have dynamic size; they will request more memory
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Collections types use heap memory because they have dynamic size; they will request more memory
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[when they need it](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.reserve),
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[when they need it](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.reserve),
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@ -600,7 +598,7 @@ pub fn my_vec() {
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Vec::<u8>::new();
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Vec::<u8>::new();
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}
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}
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```
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/3-Gjqz)
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/1WkNtC)
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But because the vector has no elements it is managing, no calls to the allocator
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But because the vector has no elements it is managing, no calls to the allocator
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will ever be dispatched. A couple of places to look at for confirming this behavior:
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will ever be dispatched. A couple of places to look at for confirming this behavior:
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