Refactor, fix julia bug, implement binary/linear/logarithmic membership

posts/2023/06/flam3/0-utility.tsx

@@ -31,6 +31,40 @@ export const Canvas: React.FC<{ f: renderFn }> = ({ f }) => {
   return <canvas ref={canvasRef} width={400} height={400} />;
 };
 
+export function randomBiUnit() {
+  // Math.random() produces a number in the range [0, 1),
+  // scale to (-1, 1)
+  return Math.random() * 2 - 1;
+}
+
 export function randomInteger(min: number, max: number) {
   return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min;
 }
+
+export function weightedChoice<T>(choices: [number, T][]) {
+  const weightSum = choices.reduce(
+    (current, [weight, _t]) => current + weight,
+    0
+  );
+  var choice = Math.random() * weightSum;
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < choices.length; i++) {
+    const [weight, t] = choices[i];
+    if (choice < weight) {
+      return t;
+    }
+
+    choice -= weight;
+  }
+
+  throw "unreachable";
+}
+
+export function imageIndex(x: number, y: number, width: number) {
+  // Taken from: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Canvas_API/Tutorial/Pixel_manipulation_with_canvas
+  return y * (width * 4) + x * 4;
+}
+
+export function histIndex(x: number, y: number, width: number) {
+  return y * width + x;
+}

posts/2023/06/flam3/1-gasket.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-import { randomInteger, renderFn } from "./0-utility";
-
-const ITER = 100_000;
+import { randomBiUnit, randomInteger, renderFn, imageIndex } from "./0-utility";
 
 function plot(x: number, y: number, image: ImageData) {
   // A trivial `plot` implementation would take the range [-1, 1],
@@ -19,10 +17,8 @@ function plot(x: number, y: number, image: ImageData) {
   var pixelX = Math.floor((-x + 1) * image.width);
   var pixelY = Math.floor((-y + 1) * image.height);
 
-  // Now translate the (x, y) pixel coordinates to a buffer index
-  // and paint it black:
-  const index = pixelY * (image.width * 4) + pixelX * 4;
-
+  // Set the pixel black:
+  const index = imageIndex(pixelX, pixelY, image.width);
   image.data[index + 0] = 0;
   image.data[index + 1] = 0;
   image.data[index + 2] = 0;
@@ -44,13 +40,13 @@ export const gasket: renderFn = (image) => {
     },
   ];
 
-  let x = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
-  let y = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
+  let x = randomBiUnit();
+  let y = randomBiUnit();
 
-  // Heuristic for iteration count
-  const iter = image.height * image.width;
+  // Plot with quality 1
+  const iterations = image.height * image.width;
 
-  for (var i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
     const Fi = randomInteger(0, F.length);
     [x, y] = F[Fi](x, y);
 

posts/2023/06/flam3/2a-variations.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { randomBiUnit, weightedChoice } from "./0-utility";
+
 export type Variation = (
   x: number,
   y: number,
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ function r(x: number, y: number) {
 }
 
 function theta(x: number, y: number) {
-  return Math.atan2(y, x);
+  return Math.atan2(x, y);
 }
 
 function omega(): number {
@@ -28,10 +30,8 @@ export const linear: Variation = (x, y) => [x, y];
 
 export const julia: Variation = (x, y) => {
   const sqrtR = Math.sqrt(r(x, y));
-  return [
-    sqrtR * Math.cos(theta(x, y) / 2 + omega()),
-    sqrtR * Math.sin(theta(x, y) / 2 + omega()),
-  ];
+  const thetaVal = theta(x, y) / 2 + omega();
+  return [sqrtR * Math.cos(thetaVal), sqrtR * Math.sin(thetaVal)];
 };
 
 export const popcorn: Variation = (x, y, transformCoefs) => {
@@ -74,28 +74,9 @@ export class Transform {
   }
 }
 
-export function weightedChoice<T>(choices: [number, T][]) {
-  const weightSum = choices.reduce(
-    (current, [weight, _t]) => current + weight,
-    0
-  );
-  var choice = Math.random() * weightSum;
-
-  for (var i = 0; i < choices.length; i++) {
-    const [weight, t] = choices[i];
-    if (choice < weight) {
-      return t;
-    }
-
-    choice -= weight;
-  }
-
-  throw "unreachable";
-}
-
 export class Flame {
-  x: number = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
-  y: number = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
+  protected x: number = randomBiUnit();
+  protected y: number = randomBiUnit();
 
   constructor(public readonly transforms: [number, Transform][]) {}
 
@@ -103,17 +84,35 @@ export class Flame {
     const transform = weightedChoice(this.transforms);
     [this.x, this.y] = transform.apply(this.x, this.y);
   }
+
+  current() {
+    return [this.x, this.y];
+  }
+}
+
+export function camera(x: number, y: number, size: number): [number, number] {
+  // Assuming both:
+  //  - The origin is the intended center of the output image
+  //  - The output image is square
+  // ...then map points in the range (-scale, scale) to pixel coordinates.
+  //
+  // The way `flam3` actually calculates the "camera" for taking a point
+  // and determining which pixel to update is fairly involved. The example
+  // fractal was designed in Apophysis (which shows points in the range
+  // [-2, 2] by default) so we use that assumption to simplify the math here.
+  return [Math.floor(((x + 2) * size) / 4), Math.floor(((y + 2) * size) / 4)];
 }
 
 export function plot(x: number, y: number, image: ImageData) {
-  const pixelX = Math.floor(((x + 2) * image.width) / 4);
-  const pixelY = Math.floor(((y + 2) * image.height) / 4);
+  // "Zoom out" the camera by a factor of 2 to match the default Apophysis scaling
+  // (plot all points in the range [-2, 2])
+  const [pixelX, pixelY] = camera(x, y, image.width);
 
   if (
     pixelX < 0 ||
-    pixelX > image.width ||
+    pixelX >= image.width ||
     pixelY < 0 ||
-    pixelY > image.height
+    pixelY >= image.height
   ) {
     return;
   }
@@ -132,7 +131,8 @@ export function render(flame: Flame, quality: number, image: ImageData) {
   for (var i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
     flame.step();
     if (i > 20) {
-      plot(flame.x, flame.y, image);
+      const [flameX, flameY] = flame.current();
+      plot(flameX, flameY, image);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ export const transform2 = new Transform(
 );
 
 export const transform3Weight = 0.42233;
-export const transform3Pdj = [1.09358, 2.13048, 2.54127, 2.37267] as const;
 export const transform3 = new Transform(
   {
     a: 1.51523,
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ export const transform3 = new Transform(
     e: -1.455964,
     f: -0.362059,
   },
-  [[1, pdj(...transform3Pdj)]]
+  [[1, pdj(1.09358, 2.13048, 2.54127, 2.37267)]]
 );
 
 export function renderBaseline(image: ImageData) {

posts/2023/06/flam3/2c-final.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import {
-  Coefs,
   Flame,
   Transform,
   julia,
@@ -13,6 +12,8 @@ import {
 import { transform2Post } from "./2b-post";
 
 export class FlameFinal extends Flame {
+  didLog: boolean = false;
+
   constructor(
     transforms: [number, Transform][],
     public readonly final: Transform
@@ -20,10 +21,20 @@ export class FlameFinal extends Flame {
     super(transforms);
   }
 
-  step() {
+  override step(): void {
     super.step();
     [this.x, this.y] = this.final.apply(this.x, this.y);
   }
+
+  override current() {
+    if (!this.didLog) {
+      this.didLog = true;
+      console.trace(`Getting final xform to plot`);
+    }
+    // NOTE: The final transform does not modify the iterator point
+    // return this.final.apply(this.x, this.y);
+    return [this.x, this.y];
+  }
 }
 
 export const transformFinal = new Transform(
@@ -38,15 +49,15 @@ export const transformFinal = new Transform(
   [[1, julia]]
 );
 
-export function renderFinal(image: ImageData) {
-  const flame = new FlameFinal(
-    [
-      [transform1Weight, transform1],
-      [transform2Weight, transform2Post],
-      [transform3Weight, transform3],
-    ],
-    transformFinal
-  );
+export const flameFinal = new FlameFinal(
+  [
+    [transform1Weight, transform1],
+    [transform2Weight, transform2Post],
+    [transform3Weight, transform3],
+  ],
+  transformFinal
+);
 
-  render(flame, 1, image);
+export function renderFinal(image: ImageData) {
+  render(flameFinal, 1, image);
 }

posts/2023/06/flam3/3a-binary.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { histIndex, imageIndex } from "./0-utility";
+import { camera } from "./2a-variations";
+import { flameFinal, FlameFinal } from "./2c-final";
+
+export abstract class Accumulator {
+  histogram: number[] = [];
+
+  constructor(
+    protected readonly width: number,
+    protected readonly height: number
+  ) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < width * height; i++) {
+      this.histogram.push(0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  accumulate(x: number, y: number) {
+    const [pixelX, pixelY] = camera(x, y, this.width);
+
+    if (
+      pixelX < 0 ||
+      pixelX >= this.width ||
+      pixelY < 0 ||
+      pixelY >= this.height
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const index = histIndex(pixelX, pixelY, this.width);
+    this.histogram[index] += 1;
+  }
+
+  abstract render(image: ImageData): void;
+}
+
+class AccumulateBinary extends Accumulator {
+  render(image: ImageData) {
+    for (var x = 0; x < image.width; x++) {
+      for (var y = 0; y < image.height; y++) {
+        const index = histIndex(x, y, image.width);
+
+        // Color black if this pixel is part of the solution set, white otherwise
+        const value = this.histogram[index] > 0 ? 0 : 0xff;
+
+        const iIdx = imageIndex(x, y, image.width);
+        image.data[iIdx + 0] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 1] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 2] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 3] = 0xff;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function render(
+  flame: FlameFinal,
+  quality: number,
+  accumulator: Accumulator,
+  image: ImageData
+) {
+  const iterations = quality * image.width * image.height;
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+    flame.step();
+
+    if (i > 20) {
+      const [flameX, flameY] = flame.current();
+      accumulator.accumulate(flameX, flameY);
+    }
+  }
+
+  accumulator.render(image);
+}
+
+export function renderBinary(image: ImageData) {
+  const accumulator = new AccumulateBinary(image.width, image.height);
+  render(flameFinal, 10, accumulator, image);
+}

posts/2023/06/flam3/3b-linear.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { histIndex, imageIndex } from "./0-utility";
+import { flameFinal } from "./2c-final";
+import { Accumulator, render } from "./3a-binary";
+
+export class AccumulateLinear extends Accumulator {
+  render(image: ImageData): void {
+    const maxValue = Math.max(...this.histogram);
+
+    for (var x = 0; x < image.width; x++) {
+      for (var y = 0; y < image.height; y++) {
+        const index = histIndex(x, y, image.width);
+
+        // Color full black if this pixel is maxValue, white if not part
+        // of the solution set
+        const value = (1 - this.histogram[index] / maxValue) * 0xff;
+
+        const iIdx = imageIndex(x, y, image.width);
+        image.data[iIdx + 0] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 1] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 2] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 3] = 0xff;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function renderLinear(image: ImageData) {
+  const accumulator = new AccumulateLinear(image.width, image.height);
+  render(flameFinal, 10, accumulator, image);
+}

posts/2023/06/flam3/3c-logarithmic.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { histIndex, imageIndex } from "./0-utility";
+import { flameFinal } from "./2c-final";
+import { Accumulator, render } from "./3a-binary";
+
+export class AccumulateLogarithmic extends Accumulator {
+  render(image: ImageData): void {
+    // Re-scale vibrancy to be log scale...
+    for (var i = 0; i < this.histogram.length; i++) {
+      this.histogram[i] = Math.log(this.histogram[i]);
+    }
+
+    // ...but otherwise render the same way as linear
+    const maxValue = Math.max(...this.histogram);
+
+    for (var x = 0; x < image.width; x++) {
+      for (var y = 0; y < image.height; y++) {
+        const index = histIndex(x, y, image.width);
+
+        // Color full black if this pixel is maxValue, white if not part
+        // of the solution set
+        const value = (1 - this.histogram[index] / maxValue) * 0xff;
+
+        const iIdx = imageIndex(x, y, image.width);
+        image.data[iIdx + 0] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 1] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 2] = value;
+        image.data[iIdx + 3] = 0xff;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function renderLogarithmic(image: ImageData) {
+  const accumulator = new AccumulateLogarithmic(image.width, image.height);
+  render(flameFinal, 10, accumulator, image);
+}

posts/2023/06/flam3/index.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import { gasket } from "./1-gasket";
 import { renderBaseline } from "./2a-variations";
 import { renderPost } from "./2b-post";
 import { renderFinal } from "./2c-final";
+import { renderBinary } from "./3a-binary";
+import { renderLinear } from "./3b-linear";
+import { renderLogarithmic } from "./3c-logarithmic";
 
 export default function () {
   const Layout = Blog({
@@ -14,14 +17,17 @@ export default function () {
   });
   return (
     <Layout>
-      <div>
+      {/* <div>
         <Canvas f={gasket} />
         <Canvas f={renderBaseline} />
       </div>
       <div>
         <Canvas f={renderPost} />
         <Canvas f={renderFinal} />
-      </div>
+      </div> */}
+      <Canvas f={renderBinary} />
+      <Canvas f={renderLinear} />
+      <Canvas f={renderLogarithmic} />
     </Layout>
   );
 }