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Updates for smart pointers and collections
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@ -641,16 +641,16 @@ Summary section:
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so are incredibly fast
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- Stack-based alternatives to standard library types should be preferred (spin, parking_lot)
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## Smart pointers and collections
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## Smart pointers
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The first thing to note are the "smart pointer" and collections types.
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The first thing to note are the "smart pointer" types.
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When you have data that must outlive the scope in which it is declared,
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or your data is of unknown or dynamic size, you'll make use of these types.
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The term [smart pointer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_pointer)
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comes from C++, and is used to describe objects that are responsible for managing
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ownership of data allocated on the heap. The smart pointers available in the `alloc`
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crate should look rather familiar:
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crate should look mostly familiar:
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- [`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html)
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- [`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/rc/struct.Rc.html)
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- [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/sync/struct.Arc.html)
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@ -662,8 +662,10 @@ though more than can be covered in this article. Some examples:
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- [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)
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Finally, there is one [gotcha](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gotcha):
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[`RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/cell/struct.RefCell.html) looks like
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and behaves like a smart pointer, but doesn't actually require heap allocation.
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cell types (like [`RefCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/cell/struct.RefCell.html))
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look and behave like smart pointers, but don't actually require heap allocation.
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Check out the [`core::cell` docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/cell/index.html)
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for more information.
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When a smart pointer is created, the data it is given is placed in heap memory and
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the location of that data is recorded in the smart pointer. Once the smart pointer
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@ -671,7 +673,7 @@ has determined it's safe to deallocate that memory (when a `Box` has
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[gone out of scope](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/boxed/index.html) or when
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reference count for an object [goes to zero](https://doc.rust-lang.org/alloc/rc/index.html)),
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the heap space is reclaimed. We can prove these types use heap memory by
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looking at some quick code:
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looking at code:
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```rust
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use std::rc::Rc;
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@ -700,15 +702,17 @@ pub fn my_cow() {
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```
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-- [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/SaDpWg)
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Collections types use heap memory because they have dynamic size; they will request more memory
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[when they need it](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.reserve),
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and can be [asked to release memory](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.shrink_to_fit)
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when it's no longer necessary. This dynamic memory usage forces Rust to use
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heap allocations for everything they contain. In a way, collections are smart pointers
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for many objects at once. Common types that fall under this umbrella
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are `Vec`, `HashMap`, and `String` (not [`&str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html)).
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## Collections
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There's an interesting caveat worth addressing though: *creating empty collections
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Collections types use heap memory because they have dynamic size; they will request more memory
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[when needed](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.reserve),
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and can [release memory](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.shrink_to_fit)
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when it's no longer necessary. This dynamic memory usage forces Rust to heap allocate
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everything they contain. In a way, **collections are smart pointers for many objects at once.**
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Common types that fall under this umbrella are `Vec`, `HashMap`, and `String`
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(not [`&str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html)).
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But while collections store the objects they own in heap memory, *creating new collections
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will not allocate on the heap*. This is a bit weird, because if we call `Vec::new()` the
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assembly shows a corresponding call to `drop_in_place`:
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