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<!doctype html><html lang=en dir=ltr class="blog-wrapper blog-post-page plugin-blog plugin-id-default" data-has-hydrated=false><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=generator content="Docusaurus v3.6.0"><title data-rh=true>A case study in heaptrack | The Old Speice Guy</title><meta data-rh=true name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"><meta data-rh=true name=twitter:card content=summary_large_image><meta data-rh=true property=og:url content=https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization><meta data-rh=true property=og:locale content=en><meta data-rh=true name=docusaurus_locale content=en><meta data-rh=true name=docusaurus_tag content=default><meta data-rh=true name=docsearch:language content=en><meta data-rh=true name=docsearch:docusaurus_tag content=default><meta data-rh=true property=og:title content="A case study in heaptrack | The Old Speice Guy"><meta data-rh=true name=description content="I remember early in my career someone joking that:"><meta data-rh=true property=og:description content="I remember early in my career someone joking that:"><meta data-rh=true property=og:type content=article><meta data-rh=true property=article:published_time content=2018-10-08T12:00:00.000Z><link data-rh=true rel=icon href=/img/favicon.ico><link data-rh=true rel=canonical href=https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization><link data-rh=true rel=alternate href=https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization hreflang=en><link data-rh=true rel=alternate href=https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization hreflang=x-default><script data-rh=true type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization","@type":"BlogPosting","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Bradlee Speice"},"dateModified":"2024-11-09T22:02:02.000Z","datePublished":"2018-10-08T12:00:00.000Z","description":"I remember early in my career someone joking that:","headline":"A case study in heaptrack","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://speice.io/","@type":"Blog","name":"Blog"},"keywords":[],"mainEntityOfPage":"https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization","name":"A case study in heaptrack","url":"https://speice.io/2018/10/case-study-optimization"}</script><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/rss.xml title="The Old Speice Guy RSS Feed"><link rel=alternate type=application/atom+xml href=/atom.xml title="The Old Speice Guy Atom Feed"><link rel=stylesheet href=https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.13.24/dist/katex.min.css integrity=sha384-odtC+0UGzzFL/6PNoE8rX/SPcQDXBJ+uRepguP4QkPCm2LBxH3FA3y+fKSiJ+AmM crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href=/assets/css/styles.ae6ff4a3.css><script src=/assets/js/runtime~main.751b419d.js defer></script><script src=/assets/js/main.62ce6156.js defer></script><body class=navigation-with-keyboard><script>!function(){var t,e=function(){try{return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("docusaurus-theme")}catch(t){}}()||function(){try{return window.localStorage.getItem("theme")}catch(t){}}();t=null!==e?e:"light",document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",t)}(),function(){try{for(var[t,e]of new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).entries())if(t.startsWith("docusaurus-data-")){var a=t.replace("docusaurus-data-","data-");document.documentElement.setAttribute(a,e)}}catch(t){}}()</script><div id=__docusaurus><div role=region aria-label="Skip to main content"><a class=skipToContent_fXgn href=#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback>Skip to main content</a></div><nav aria-label=Main class="navbar navbar--fixed-top"><div class=navbar__inner><div class=navbar__items><button aria-label="Toggle navigation bar" aria-expanded=false class="navbar__toggle clean-btn" type=button><svg width=30 height=30 viewBox="0 0 30 30" aria-hidden=true><path stroke=currentColor stroke-linecap=round stroke-miterlimit=10 stroke-width=2 d="M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22"/></svg></button><a class=navbar__brand href=/><div class=navbar__logo><img src=/img/logo.svg alt="Sierpinski Gasket" class="themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE"><img src=/img/logo-dark.svg alt="Sierpinski
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<blockquote>
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<p>Programmers have it too easy these days. They should learn to develop in low memory environments
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and be more efficient.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>...though it's not like the first code I wrote was for a
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<a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924060530/https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-84-plus-se target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">graphing calculator</a>
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packing a whole 24KB of RAM.</p>
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<p>But the principle remains: be efficient with the resources you have, because
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<a href=http://exo-blog.blogspot.com/2007/09/what-intel-giveth-microsoft-taketh-away.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">what Intel giveth, Microsoft taketh away</a>.</p>
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<p>My professional work is focused on this kind of efficiency; low-latency financial markets demand
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that you understand at a deep level <em>exactly</em> what your code is doing. As I continue experimenting
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with Rust for personal projects, it's exciting to bring a utilitarian mindset with me: there's
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flexibility for the times I pretend to have a garbage collector, and flexibility for the times that
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I really care about how memory is used.</p>
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<p>This post is a (small) case study in how I went from the former to the latter. And ultimately, it's
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intended to be a starting toolkit to empower analysis of your own code.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=curiosity>Curiosity<a href=#curiosity class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Curiosity" title="Direct link to Curiosity"></a></h2>
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<p>When I first started building the <a href=https://crates.io/crates/dtparse target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">dtparse</a> crate, my intention was to mirror as closely as possible
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the equivalent <a href=https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">Python library</a>. Python, as you may know, is garbage collected. Very
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rarely is memory usage considered in Python, and I likewise wasn't paying too much attention when
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<code>dtparse</code> was first being built.</p>
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<p>This lackadaisical approach to memory works well enough, and I'm not planning on making <code>dtparse</code>
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hyper-efficient. But every so often, I've wondered: "what exactly is going on in memory?" With the
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advent of Rust 1.28 and the
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<a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">Global Allocator trait</a>, I had a really
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great idea: <em>build a custom allocator that allows you to track your own allocations.</em> That way, you
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can do things like writing tests for both correct results and correct memory usage. I gave it a
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<a href=https://crates.io/crates/qadapt target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">shot</a>, but learned very quickly: <strong>never write your own allocator</strong>. It went from "fun
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weekend project" to "I have literally no idea what my computer is doing" at breakneck speed.</p>
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<p>Instead, I'll highlight a separate path I took to make sense of my memory usage: <a href=https://github.com/KDE/heaptrack target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">heaptrack</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=turning-on-the-system-allocator>Turning on the System Allocator<a href=#turning-on-the-system-allocator class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Turning on the System Allocator" title="Direct link to Turning on the System Allocator"></a></h2>
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<p>This is the hardest part of the post. Because Rust uses
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<a href=https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/27400#issue-41256384 target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">its own allocator</a> by default,
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<code>heaptrack</code> is unable to properly record unmodified Rust code. To remedy this, we'll make use of the
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<code>#[global_allocator]</code> attribute.</p>
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<p>Specifically, in <code>lib.rs</code> or <code>main.rs</code>, add this:</p>
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<div class="language-rust codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-rust codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">use</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token namespace">std</span><span class="token namespace punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">::</span><span class="token namespace">alloc</span><span class="token namespace punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">::</span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">System</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token attribute attr-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">#[global_allocator]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">static</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token constant" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">GLOBAL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">System</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">System</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
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<p>...and that's it. Everything else comes essentially for free.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=running-heaptrack>Running heaptrack<a href=#running-heaptrack class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Running heaptrack" title="Direct link to Running heaptrack"></a></h2>
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<p>Assuming you've installed heaptrack <small>(Homebrew in Mac, package manager
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in Linux, ??? in Windows)</small>, all that's left is to fire up your application:</p>
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<div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">heaptrack my_application</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
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<p>It's that easy. After the program finishes, you'll see a file in your local directory with a name
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like <code>heaptrack.my_appplication.XXXX.gz</code>. If you load that up in <code>heaptrack_gui</code>, you'll see
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something like this:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt=heaptrack src=/assets/images/heaptrack-before-11fba190f97831448cc539ebb32fa579.png width=1312 height=320 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<hr>
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<p>And even these pretty colors:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="pretty colors" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-flamegraph-5094664fa79faaf2664b38505c15ac1f.png width=1284 height=715 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=reading-flamegraphs>Reading Flamegraphs<a href=#reading-flamegraphs class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Reading Flamegraphs" title="Direct link to Reading Flamegraphs"></a></h2>
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<p>To make sense of our memory usage, we're going to focus on that last picture - it's called a
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<a href=http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">"flamegraph"</a>. These charts are typically used to
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show how much time your program spends executing each function, but they're used here to show how
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much memory was allocated during those functions instead.</p>
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<p>For example, we can see that all executions happened during the <code>main</code> function:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="allocations in main" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-main-colorized-cfe5d7d345d32cfc1a0f297580619718.png width=654 height=343 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<p>...and within that, all allocations happened during <code>dtparse::parse</code>:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="allocations in dtparse" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-dtparse-colorized-e6caf224f50df2dd56981f5b02970325.png width=654 height=315 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<p>...and within <em>that</em>, allocations happened in two different places:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="allocations in parseinfo" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-parseinfo-colorized-a1898beaf28a3997ac86810f872539b7.png width=654 height=372 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<p>Now I apologize that it's hard to see, but there's one area specifically that stuck out as an issue:
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<strong>what the heck is the <code>Default</code> thing doing?</strong></p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="pretty colors" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-flamegraph-default-26cc411d387f58f50cb548f8e81df1a1.png width=1284 height=715 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=optimizing-dtparse>Optimizing dtparse<a href=#optimizing-dtparse class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Optimizing dtparse" title="Direct link to Optimizing dtparse"></a></h2>
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<p>See, I knew that there were some allocations during calls to <code>dtparse::parse</code>, but I was totally
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wrong about where the bulk of allocations occurred in my program. Let me post the code and see if
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you can spot the mistake:</p>
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<div class="language-rust codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-rust codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">/// Main entry point for using `dtparse`.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">pub</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">fn</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-definition function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">parse</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">timestr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">&</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">str</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">-></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">ParseResult</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)"><</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">NaiveDateTime</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">Option</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)"><</span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">FixedOffset</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">let</span><span class="token plain"> res </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">Parser</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">::</span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">default</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">parse</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> timestr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">None</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">None</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href=https://github.com/bspeice/dtparse/blob/4d7c5dd99572823fa4a390b483c38ab020a2172f/src/lib.rs#L1286 target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">dtparse</a></p>
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</blockquote>
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<hr>
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<p>Because <code>Parser::parse</code> requires a mutable reference to itself, I have to create a new
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<code>Parser::default</code> every time it receives a string. This is excessive! We'd rather have an immutable
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parser that can be re-used, and avoid allocating memory in the first place.</p>
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<p>Armed with that information, I put some time in to
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<a href=https://github.com/bspeice/dtparse/commit/741afa34517d6bc1155713bbc5d66905fea13fad#diff-b4aea3e418ccdb71239b96952d9cddb6 target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">make the parser immutable</a>.
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Now that I can re-use the same parser over and over, the allocations disappear:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="allocations cleaned up" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-flamegraph-after-cedc4c3519313f5af538364165e92c34.png width=1272 height=712 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<p>In total, we went from requiring 2 MB of memory in
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<a href=https://crates.io/crates/dtparse/1.0.2 target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">version 1.0.2</a>:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="memory before" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-closeup-12ae3897c033ccb3684a88dd45592e14.png width=717 height=116 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<p>All the way down to 300KB in <a href=https://crates.io/crates/dtparse/1.0.3 target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">version 1.0.3</a>:</p>
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<p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt="memory after" src=/assets/images/heaptrack-closeup-after-967bc4596c480bcc9e8410b0a7a64a00.png width=739 height=123 class=img_ev3q></p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=conclusion>Conclusion<a href=#conclusion class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Conclusion" title="Direct link to Conclusion"></a></h2>
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<p>In the end, you don't need to write a custom allocator to be efficient with memory, great tools
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already exist to help you understand what your program is doing.</p>
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<p><strong>Use them.</strong></p>
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<p>Given that <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">Moore's Law</a> is
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<a href=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601441/moores-law-is-dead-now-what/ target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">dead</a>, we've all got to do
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our part to take back what Microsoft stole.</div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href=/2018/09/isomorphic-apps><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Older post</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>Isomorphic desktop apps with Rust</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href=/2018/12/what-small-business-really-means><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Newer post</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>More "what companies really mean"</div></a></nav></main><div class="col col--2"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href=#curiosity class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Curiosity</a><li><a href=#turning-on-the-system-allocator class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Turning on the System Allocator</a><li><a href=#running-heaptrack class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running heaptrack</a><li><a href=#reading-flamegraphs class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Reading Flamegraphs</a><li><a href=#optimizing-dtparse class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Optimizing dtparse</a><li><a href=#conclusion class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Conclusion</a></ul></div></div></div></div></div><footer class=footer><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class=footer__copyright>Copyright © 2024 Bradlee Speice</div></div></div></footer></div>
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