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New earnings release post

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Bradlee Speice
2016-06-09 19:27:36 -04:00
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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<meta name="description" content="Or, how to get thrown out of a casino because you&#39;re a mathematician. In the ongoing eternal cycle of mathematicians asking generally useless questions about probability, I dreamt up another one. ...">
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@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[1]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="k">matplotlib</span> inline
@ -114,8 +114,8 @@
<span class="n">fair_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fair_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fair_1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">fair_2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fair Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fair_1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">fair_2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Fair Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ D_2 = \left\{
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[2]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p_vals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p_vals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multinomial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p_vals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nonzero</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ D_2 = \left\{
<span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;$D_1$ biased low, $D_2$ biased high&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;$D_1$ biased low, $D_2$ biased high&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
@ -519,14 +519,14 @@ D_2 = \left\{
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[3]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">d1</span>
<span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;$D_1$ and $D_2$ biased to 1 and 6&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;hist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;$D_1$ and $D_2$ biased to 1 and 6&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
@ -742,22 +742,22 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[5]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">polynomial</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">density_coef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Calculating the probabilities of each outcome was taken</span>
<span class="c1"># from this author: http://math.stackexchange.com/a/1710392/320784</span>
<span class="c"># Calculating the probabilities of each outcome was taken</span>
<span class="c"># from this author: http://math.stackexchange.com/a/1710392/320784</span>
<span class="n">d1_p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">polynomial</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Polynomial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">d2_p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">polynomial</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Polynomial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">coefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_p</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">d2_p</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coef</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">coefs</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">score</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># We&#39;ve now got the probabilities of each event, but we need</span>
<span class="c1"># to shift the array a bit so we can use the x values to actually</span>
<span class="c1"># index into it. This will allow us to do all the calculations</span>
<span class="c1"># incredibly quickly</span>
<span class="c"># We&#39;ve now got the probabilities of each event, but we need</span>
<span class="c"># to shift the array a bit so we can use the x values to actually</span>
<span class="c"># index into it. This will allow us to do all the calculations</span>
<span class="c"># incredibly quickly</span>
<span class="n">coefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">density_coef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">coefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hstack</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefs</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coefs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">()</span>
@ -783,24 +783,24 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[6]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">permute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># To ensure we have legitimate densities, we will randomly</span>
<span class="c1"># increase one die face probability by `change`,</span>
<span class="c1"># and decrease one by `change`.</span>
<span class="c1"># This means there are something less than (1/`change`)^12 possibilities</span>
<span class="c1"># we are trying to search over.</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">permute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c"># To ensure we have legitimate densities, we will randomly</span>
<span class="c"># increase one die face probability by `change`,</span>
<span class="c"># and decrease one by `change`.</span>
<span class="c"># This means there are something less than (1/`change`)^12 possibilities</span>
<span class="c"># we are trying to search over.</span>
<span class="n">change</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">01</span>
<span class="n">d1_index1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d1_index2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">d2_index1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_index2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Also make sure to copy. I&#39;ve had some weird aliasing issues</span>
<span class="c1"># in the past that made everything blow up.</span>
<span class="c"># Also make sure to copy. I&#39;ve had some weird aliasing issues</span>
<span class="c"># in the past that made everything blow up.</span>
<span class="n">new_d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_density</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">new_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2_density</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># While this doesn&#39;t account for the possibility that some</span>
<span class="c1"># values go negative, in practice this never happens</span>
<span class="c"># While this doesn&#39;t account for the possibility that some</span>
<span class="c"># values go negative, in practice this never happens</span>
<span class="n">new_d1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">d1_index1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">change</span>
<span class="n">new_d1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">d1_index2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="n">change</span>
<span class="n">new_d2</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">d2_index1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">change</span>
@ -829,28 +829,28 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[7]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">optimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conv_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">e4</span><span class="p">):</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">optimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conv_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">e4</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">switch_failures</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">iter_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="c1"># Start with guessing fair dice</span>
<span class="c"># Start with guessing fair dice</span>
<span class="n">cur_d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cur_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cur_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_d2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Keep track of our best guesses - may not be</span>
<span class="c1"># what we end with</span>
<span class="c"># Keep track of our best guesses - may not be</span>
<span class="c"># what we end with</span>
<span class="n">max_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cur_score</span>
<span class="n">max_d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cur_d1</span>
<span class="n">max_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cur_d2</span>
<span class="c1"># Optimization stops when we have failed to switch `conv_count`</span>
<span class="c1"># times (presumably because we have a great guess), or we reach</span>
<span class="c1"># the maximum number of iterations.</span>
<span class="c"># Optimization stops when we have failed to switch `conv_count`</span>
<span class="c"># times (presumably because we have a great guess), or we reach</span>
<span class="c"># the maximum number of iterations.</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">switch_failures</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">conv_count</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">iter_count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">max_iter</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">iter_count</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">iter_count</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_iter</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Iteration: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">; Current score (higher is better): </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Iteration: {}; Current score (higher is better): {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">iter_count</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_score</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">new_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">permute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cur_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_d2</span><span class="p">)</span>
@ -862,19 +862,19 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<span class="n">max_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_d2</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">new_score</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">cur_score</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># If the new permutation beats the old one,</span>
<span class="c1"># automatically select it.</span>
<span class="c"># If the new permutation beats the old one,</span>
<span class="c"># automatically select it.</span>
<span class="n">cur_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_score</span>
<span class="n">cur_d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_d1</span>
<span class="n">cur_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_d2</span>
<span class="n">switch_failures</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># We didn&#39;t beat the current score, but allow</span>
<span class="c1"># for possibly switching anyways.</span>
<span class="c"># We didn&#39;t beat the current score, but allow</span>
<span class="c"># for possibly switching anyways.</span>
<span class="n">accept_prob</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_score</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">cur_score</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">coin_toss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">coin_toss</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">accept_prob</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># We randomly switch to the new distribution</span>
<span class="c"># We randomly switch to the new distribution</span>
<span class="n">cur_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_score</span>
<span class="n">cur_d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_d1</span>
<span class="n">cur_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_d2</span>
@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">switch_failures</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="c1"># Return both our best guess, and the ending guess</span>
<span class="c"># Return both our best guess, and the ending guess</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">max_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_d2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cur_d2</span>
</pre></div>
@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[8]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_dist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_dist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">d1_vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_dist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">d2_vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unfair_die</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2_dist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
@ -916,20 +916,20 @@ and continue the next iteration.</li>
<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">perf_counter</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">max_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_d2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">final_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">final_d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">optimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_vals</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">d2_vals</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">perf_counter</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Simulated Annealing time: </span><span class="si">{:.02f}</span><span class="s2">s&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Simulated Annealing time: {:.02f}s&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">coef_range</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">221</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coef_range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">density_coef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_dist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d2_dist</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;True Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;True Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">222</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1_vals</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">d2_vals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Empirical Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Empirical Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">223</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coef_range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">density_coef</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_d1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_d2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Recovered Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Recovered Distribution&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gcf</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_size_inches</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@ m+QFBkHwS1PQ018D5wD/PHxt/03H/cxXeHtR0jLn4qiSJEkNdH17UZIkaUUwdEmSJDVg6JIkSWrA
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[9]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ jAU+qF/bLxXO081keTEiTnJpjhoRERHRgNLLixEREREjQoquiIiIiAak6IqIiIhoQIquiIiIiAak
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[10]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@ RK5CYII=
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[11]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">))</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
@ -2403,7 +2403,7 @@ hoSz1PA0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC
<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[12]:</div>
<div class="inner_cell">
<div class="input_area">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">],</span>
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span class="n">simulate_casino</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>