From a1b9a274f757be54af3095a0c62f727cfd85b2ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 11:30:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/7] Implement transform colors

---
 enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs      |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs  |  38 +++++++----
 enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs         |   2 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs   | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs   |   6 ++
 6 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
index 55d0001..87991b4 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_camera;
 use enkou_shaders::chaos_game::entry::main_chaos_game;
 use enkou_shaders::transform::Transform;
 use enkou_shaders::variation::Variation;
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, uvec2};
+use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
 use image::{GrayImage, Luma};
 use std::mem;
 use std::process::Command;
@@ -21,16 +21,19 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
         // F_1: ((x + 1) / 2, y / 2)
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
         // F_2: (x / 2, (y + 1) / 2)
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
     ];
 
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
 
     let mut output_points_ifs = Vec::new();
-    output_points_ifs.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec2::ZERO);
+    output_points_ifs.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
 
     main_chaos_game(
         ITERATIONS_DISCARD,
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 10c4d84..0cf6863 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -93,18 +93,19 @@ impl Camera {
 /// Shader entry point for running the camera transformation over a list of IFS coordinates
 pub mod entry {
     use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use spirv_std::glam::{IVec2, Vec2};
+    use glam::{Vec4, Vec4Swizzles};
+    use spirv_std::glam::IVec2;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
     /// Transform IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
     #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_camera", threads(1)))]
     pub fn main_camera(
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] camera: &Camera,
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec4],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] coordinates_pixel: &mut [IVec2],
     ) {
         for i in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
-            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i])
+            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i].xy())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
index 8ac3858..a403024 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 //!
 //! This algorithm is also known as the ["chaos game"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_game),
 //! and it forms the basic system for producing images.
-
 use crate::transform::Transform;
 use crate::variation::Variation;
 use rand::distr::{Distribution, StandardUniform};
@@ -36,13 +35,14 @@ impl Distribution<f32> for BiUnit {
 /// * `weights` - Weights are assumed to be normalized; adding all elements together should return the value 1
 pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
     point: Vec2,
+    color: f32,
     rng: &mut R,
     transforms: &[Transform],
     weights: &[f32],
     variations: &[Variation],
-) -> (Vec2, u32) {
+) -> (Vec2, f32, usize) {
     let mut choice_weight = rng.sample::<f32, _>(StandardUniform);
-    let mut transform_index: u32 = 0;
+    let mut transform_index: usize = 0;
 
     for i in 0..weights.len() {
         choice_weight -= weights[i];
@@ -53,8 +53,10 @@ pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
         transform_index += 1;
     }
 
+    let ref transform = transforms[transform_index];
     (
-        transforms[transform_index as usize].transform_point(rng, variations, point),
+        transform.transform_point(rng, variations, point),
+        transform.transform_color(color),
         transform_index,
     )
 }
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
 /// New points in the chaos game are produced by iterating on the chaos game.
 pub struct ChaosGame<'a, R: Rng> {
     current_point: Vec2,
+    current_color: f32,
     rng: &'a mut R,
     transforms: &'a [Transform],
     weights: &'a [f32],
@@ -79,9 +82,9 @@ impl<'a, R: Rng> ChaosGame<'a, R> {
         weights: &'a [f32],
         variations: &'a [Variation],
     ) -> Self {
-        let current_point = vec2(rng.sample(BiUnit), rng.sample(BiUnit));
         ChaosGame {
-            current_point,
+            current_point: vec2(rng.sample(BiUnit), rng.sample(BiUnit)),
+            current_color: rng.sample(StandardUniform),
             rng,
             transforms,
             weights,
@@ -91,19 +94,21 @@ impl<'a, R: Rng> ChaosGame<'a, R> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, R: Rng> Iterator for ChaosGame<'a, R> {
-    type Item = Vec2;
+    type Item = (Vec2, f32);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let (next_point, _) = step_chaos_game(
+        let (next_point, next_color, _) = step_chaos_game(
             self.current_point,
+            self.current_color,
             self.rng,
             self.transforms,
             self.weights,
             self.variations,
         );
         self.current_point = next_point;
+        self.current_color = next_color;
 
-        Some(next_point)
+        Some((next_point, next_color))
     }
 }
 
@@ -113,11 +118,17 @@ pub mod entry {
     use crate::rng::xoshiro256starstar_from_seed;
     use crate::transform::Transform;
     use crate::variation::Variation;
-    use glam::Vec2;
+    use glam::Vec4;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
     /// Given a set of fractal flame parameters, generate new IFS coordinates
     /// and store them in the output array.
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `iteration_discard` - Choas game steps to discard prior to recording into the output buffer
+    /// * `output` - Output buffer to record chaos game steps into. Because of alignment issues,
+    ///     the output is recorded as a [`Vec4`]; the IFS (x, y) coordinate is in `x` and `y`,
+    ///     and color is in `w`
     #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_chaos_game", threads(1)))]
     pub fn main_chaos_game(
         #[spirv(spec_constant(id = 1, default = 20))] iteration_discard: u32,
@@ -125,7 +136,7 @@ pub mod entry {
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] transforms: &[Transform],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 2)] weights: &[f32],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 3)] variations: &[Variation],
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] output: &mut [Vec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] output: &mut [Vec4],
     ) {
         let mut rng_seed_actual = [0u8; 32];
         (0..32).for_each(|i| rng_seed_actual[i] = rng_seed[i]);
@@ -138,7 +149,10 @@ pub mod entry {
         }
 
         for i in 0..output.len() {
-            output[i] = chaos_game.next().unwrap();
+            output[i] = chaos_game
+                .next()
+                .map(|output| (output.0, 0.0, output.1).into())
+                .unwrap();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
index 7dbeae8..0c7cb2e 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) fn xoshiro256starstar_from_seed(
 ) -> Xoshiro256StarStar {
     let mut rng_state_actual = [0u64; 4];
 
-    // NOTE: Bit shifting is bad, but we don't have great alternatives:
+    // NOTE: Bit shifting is tedious, but we don't have great alternatives:
     //  - `chunks_exact` has issues with pointer casting
     //  - `u64::from_le_bytes` has issues with `OpBitcast` in SPIR-V validation
     for i in 0..rng_state_actual.len() {
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
index 3b8badc..1dc9965 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! but produce more interesting images once we add variations.
 use crate::variation::Variation;
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
-use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2};
+use glam::{Affine2, FloatExt, UVec2, Vec2};
 use rand::Rng;
 
 /// Affine transform for use in the [`chaos_game`](crate::chaos_game).
@@ -14,14 +14,21 @@ use rand::Rng;
 pub struct Transform {
     coefficients: Affine2,
     variation_range: UVec2,
+    color: Vec2,
 }
 
 impl Transform {
     /// Create a new transform from an affine transformation matrix
-    pub fn new(coefficients: Affine2, variation_range: UVec2) -> Self {
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `coefficients` - Affine transform coefficients for this transformation. Applied prior to variations
+    /// * `variation_range` - (half-open) range of variations to apply during [`Self::transform_point`]
+    /// * `color` - Color value and speed to apply during [`Self::transform_color`]
+    pub fn new(coefficients: Affine2, variation_range: UVec2, color: Vec2) -> Self {
         Transform {
             coefficients,
             variation_range,
+            color,
         }
     }
 
@@ -45,4 +52,105 @@ impl Transform {
 
         point_output
     }
+
+    /// Mix an existing color with this transform's color
+    pub fn transform_color(&self, color: f32) -> f32 {
+        color.lerp(self.color.x, self.color.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::Coefficients2;
+    use crate::transform::Transform;
+    use crate::variation::{Variation, VariationKind};
+    use core::convert::Infallible;
+    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, uvec2, vec2};
+    use rand::TryRng;
+
+    struct NullRng;
+
+    impl NullRng {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            NullRng
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl TryRng for NullRng {
+        type Error = Infallible;
+
+        fn try_next_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Self::Error> {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+
+        fn try_next_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Self::Error> {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+
+        fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+            dst.iter_mut().for_each(|b| *b = 0);
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_identity() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.0));
+        let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(1.0, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(1.0, 1.0)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_scaling() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(
+            Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
+            uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
+        );
+        let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 0.5)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(0.5, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(0.5, 0.5)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_scaling_variation() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.0));
+        let variations = [Variation::new(VariationKind::Linear, 2.0, [0.0; 4].into())];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 2.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(2.0, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(2.0, 2.0)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_color_mixing() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.5));
+
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(0.0), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(1.0), 0.5);
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(0.5), 0.25);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
index 06a0df0..381b9be 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ use rand::{Rng, RngExt};
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct VariationParams([f32; 4]);
 
+impl From<[f32; 4]> for VariationParams {
+    fn from(value: [f32; 4]) -> Self {
+        VariationParams(value)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Enum for all supported variation types
 ///
 /// ID numbers are chosen to match the variation identifier also used by `flam3`
-- 
2.52.0


From 54ba76b380f3d86e91322ab33579bc31b0ac12a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 14:07:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/7] Implement camera colors

Still needs some unit tests, and to fix the gasket example
---
 enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs     |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs   |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs |  34 ++++----
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs      | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs b/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
index 117b150..78f08d6 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ pub fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     builder.build_script.defaults = true;
     builder.shader_panic_strategy = ShaderPanicStrategy::SilentExit;
     builder.spirv_metadata = SpirvMetadata::Full;
-    builder.capabilities = vec![Capability::Int8, Capability::Int16, Capability::Int64];
+    builder.capabilities = vec![
+        Capability::Int8,
+        Capability::Int16,
+        Capability::Int64,
+        Capability::Float64,
+    ];
 
     let compile_result = builder.build()?;
     let spv_path = compile_result.module.unwrap_single();
diff --git a/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs b/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
index 5827196..dd97640 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn has_entry_main_camera() {
-        assert!(has_entry_point(ExecutionModel::GLCompute, "main_camera"))
+    pub fn has_entry_main_image_render() {
+        assert!(has_entry_point(
+            ExecutionModel::GLCompute,
+            "main_image_render"
+        ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
index 87991b4..21b2af9 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use enkou_shaders::Coefficients2;
 use enkou_shaders::camera::Camera;
-use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_camera;
+use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_image_render;
 use enkou_shaders::chaos_game::entry::main_chaos_game;
 use enkou_shaders::transform::Transform;
 use enkou_shaders::variation::Variation;
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
-use image::{GrayImage, Luma};
+use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
+use image::{Rgba, Rgba32FImage};
 use std::mem;
 use std::process::Command;
 use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
@@ -62,20 +62,26 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
         IMAGE_DIMENSION.as_vec2(),
     );
 
+    let palette = &[Vec4::ONE; 2];
+
     let mut output_points_pixel = Vec::new();
-    output_points_pixel.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, IVec2::ZERO);
+    output_points_pixel.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
 
-    main_camera(&camera, &output_points_ifs, &mut output_points_pixel);
+    main_image_render(
+        &camera,
+        palette,
+        &output_points_ifs,
+        &mut output_points_pixel,
+    );
 
-    let mut image = GrayImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
-    let dimensions = image.dimensions();
-    output_points_pixel
-        .iter()
-        .skip_while(|p| {
-            p.x < 0 || (p.x as u32) > dimensions.0 || p.y < 0 || (p.y as u32) > dimensions.1
-        })
-        .map(|p| (p.x as u32, p.y as u32))
-        .for_each(|(x, y)| image.put_pixel(x, y, Luma([255u8])));
+    let mut image = Rgba32FImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
+    for x in 0..image.dimensions().0 {
+        for y in 0..image.dimensions().1 {
+            let pixel_index = y * IMAGE_DIMENSION.x + x;
+            let pixel = output_points_pixel[pixel_index as usize];
+            image.put_pixel(x, y, Rgba(pixel.into()));
+        }
+    }
 
     let temp = NamedTempFile::with_suffix(".png").context("Unable to create file for image")?;
     image.save(temp.path()).context("Unable to save image")?;
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 0cf6863..82a752f 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,47 @@
 //!
 //! Map points from the IFS coordinate system to pixel coordinates. This is a lossy transformation.
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, vec2};
-use libm::powf;
+use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, Vec4Swizzles, vec2};
+use libm::{ceilf, floorf, powf};
+
+/// Blending modes for mapping IFS color values (which are on a scale `[0, 1]`)
+/// to RGBA colors.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum BlendMode {
+    /// Map IFS color values to a linear blend of the nearest two palette colors
+    Linear = 0,
+
+    /// Map IFS color values to the nearest single palette color
+    Step = 1,
+}
+
+impl Default for BlendMode {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        BlendMode::Linear
+    }
+}
+
+impl BlendMode {
+    /// Map an IFS color value to RGBA color from the provided palette.
+    pub fn ifs_to_rgb(&self, color: f32, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Vec4 {
+        let palette_index = color * palette.len() as f32;
+        let palette_index_lower = floorf(palette_index) as usize;
+        let palette_index_upper = ceilf(palette_index) as usize;
+
+        match self {
+            BlendMode::Linear => {
+                (palette[palette_index_lower] + palette[palette_index_upper]) / 2.0
+            }
+            BlendMode::Step => palette[palette_index_lower],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// UNSAFE: Sound because enum has guaranteed layout (u32) and defined zero-value
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Zeroable for BlendMode {}
+// UNSAFE: Sound because enum has guaranteed layout (u32) and defined zero-value
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for BlendMode {}
 
 /// Settings used to map IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates.
 ///
@@ -14,6 +53,8 @@ use libm::powf;
 pub struct Camera {
     dimensions: UVec2,
     transform: Affine2,
+    blend_mode: BlendMode,
+    image_gamma: f32,
 }
 
 impl Camera {
@@ -50,62 +91,70 @@ impl Camera {
         Camera {
             dimensions,
             transform,
+            blend_mode: BlendMode::Linear,
+            image_gamma: 1.5,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use glam::{vec2, ivec2, uvec2, Vec2};
-    /// # use crate::enkou_shaders::camera::Camera;
-    /// // Output image is 600x600 pixels, centered at the origin, no rotation, no zoom,
-    /// // and scaled such that it covers the range [-2, 2].
-    /// // Use the origin as the IFS coordinate, so the pixel coordinate is the center of the image
-    /// let camera = Camera::new(
-    ///     uvec2(600, 600),
-    ///     Vec2::ZERO,
-    ///     0.0,
-    ///     Vec2::ZERO,
-    ///     vec2(150.0, 150.0)
-    /// );
-    /// assert_eq!(camera.transform_point(vec2(0.0, 0.0)), ivec2(300, 300));
-    /// ```
-    pub fn transform_point(&self, point: Vec2) -> IVec2 {
+    fn transform_point(&self, point: Vec2) -> IVec2 {
         self.transform.transform_point2(point).as_ivec2()
     }
 
-    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates (like [`transform_point`](Camera::transform_point)),
-    /// and check that the result is within the provided image dimensions.
-    pub fn transform_point_to_image(&self, point: Vec2) -> Option<UVec2> {
-        let pixel_coordinates = self.transform_point(point);
+    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to a pixel index and RGBA value; if the IFS coordinate
+    /// is outside the viewable range, return [`None`].
+    pub fn transform_point_to_image(&self, point: Vec4, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Option<(usize, Vec4)> {
+        let pixel_coordinates = self.transform_point(point.xy());
         if pixel_coordinates.x < 0
             || pixel_coordinates.y < 0
             || (pixel_coordinates.x as u32) >= self.dimensions.x
             || (pixel_coordinates.y as u32) >= self.dimensions.y
         {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(pixel_coordinates.as_uvec2())
+            return None;
         }
+
+        let to_pixel_index = self.dimensions.with_y(0);
+        let pixel_index = pixel_coordinates.as_uvec2().dot(to_pixel_index) as usize;
+
+        let rgba = self.blend_mode.ifs_to_rgb(point.w, palette);
+
+        Some((pixel_index, rgba))
     }
 }
 
-/// Shader entry point for running the camera transformation over a list of IFS coordinates
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
 pub mod entry {
     use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use glam::{Vec4, Vec4Swizzles};
-    use spirv_std::glam::IVec2;
+    use glam::Vec4;
+    use libm::log10f;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
-    /// Transform IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
-    #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_camera", threads(1)))]
-    pub fn main_camera(
+    /// Render an output image from a list of IFS coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `camera` - Camera settings for mapping IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
+    /// * `palette` - Color palette to use when mapping IFS color to RGB colors. Individual elements
+    ///     are assumed to be RGBA values on the scale of `[0, 1]`
+    /// * `coordinates_ifs` - IFS coordinates to use for the output image
+    /// * `image` - Buffer for the output image
+    #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_image_render", threads(1)))]
+    pub fn main_image_render(
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] camera: &Camera,
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] palette: &[Vec4],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec4],
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] coordinates_pixel: &mut [IVec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] image: &mut [Vec4],
     ) {
-        for i in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
-            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i].xy())
+        for coordinate_index in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
+            camera
+                .transform_point_to_image(coordinates_ifs[coordinate_index], palette)
+                .map(|(pixel_index, rgba)| image[pixel_index] += rgba);
+        }
+
+        for pixel_index in 0..image.len() {
+            // TODO: Fix the bootleg gamma adjustment
+            let pixel_unscaled = image[pixel_index];
+            let pixel =
+                pixel_unscaled * log10f(pixel_unscaled.w) / (pixel_unscaled.w * camera.image_gamma);
+            image[pixel_index] = pixel;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -117,7 +166,7 @@ mod test {
     use libm::powf;
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn manual_camera() {
+    fn manual_camera() {
         let starting_point = vec2(1.0, 1.0);
 
         // Move the origin; points move right and up by one unit, giving us (2.0, 2.0)
@@ -155,7 +204,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn point_outside_camera() {
+    fn point_outside_camera() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -170,7 +219,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
+    fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -185,7 +234,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn aspect_ratio() {
+    fn aspect_ratio() {
         // Scale 100 for an image 1600 x 900 gives an effective X range of [-8, 8],
         // and effective Y range of [-4.5, 4.5]
         let camera = Camera::new(
-- 
2.52.0


From dfc9cf821c395f27d40a7edb4794093e288061ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 16:18:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3/7] Fix palette blend modes, add unit tests

---
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 82a752f..93adbee 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! Map points from the IFS coordinate system to pixel coordinates. This is a lossy transformation.
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
 use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, Vec4Swizzles, vec2};
-use libm::{ceilf, floorf, powf};
+use libm::{floorf, powf};
 
 /// Blending modes for mapping IFS color values (which are on a scale `[0, 1]`)
 /// to RGBA colors.
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ impl Default for BlendMode {
 impl BlendMode {
     /// Map an IFS color value to RGBA color from the provided palette.
     pub fn ifs_to_rgb(&self, color: f32, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Vec4 {
-        let palette_index = color * palette.len() as f32;
-        let palette_index_lower = floorf(palette_index) as usize;
-        let palette_index_upper = ceilf(palette_index) as usize;
+        let colors_m_one = palette.len() - 1;
+        let period = 1.0 / colors_m_one as f32;
+        let index_lower = floorf(color / period) as usize;
+        let index_upper = (index_lower + 1).clamp(0, colors_m_one);
+        let rem = color % period / period;
 
         match self {
-            BlendMode::Linear => {
-                (palette[palette_index_lower] + palette[palette_index_upper]) / 2.0
-            }
-            BlendMode::Step => palette[palette_index_lower],
+            BlendMode::Linear => palette[index_lower].lerp(palette[index_upper], rem),
+            BlendMode::Step => palette[index_lower],
         }
     }
 }
@@ -161,12 +161,52 @@ pub mod entry {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, ivec2, uvec2, vec2};
+    use crate::camera::{BlendMode, Camera};
+    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, Vec4, ivec2, uvec2, vec2};
     use libm::powf;
 
+    fn vec4s(value: f32) -> Vec4 {
+        Vec4::splat(value)
+    }
+
     #[test]
-    fn manual_camera() {
+    fn blend_linear() {
+        let ifs_to_rgb = |color, palette| BlendMode::Linear.ifs_to_rgb(color, palette);
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(0.0), vec4s(1.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(0.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(0.5));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(2.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(3.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0), vec4s(4.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(2.5));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(4.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blend_step() {
+        let ifs_to_rgb = |color, palette| BlendMode::Step.ifs_to_rgb(color, palette);
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(0.0), vec4s(1.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(0.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.25, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.4, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), palette[1]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.7, palette), palette[1]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), palette[2]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn camera_manual() {
         let starting_point = vec2(1.0, 1.0);
 
         // Move the origin; points move right and up by one unit, giving us (2.0, 2.0)
@@ -204,7 +244,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn point_outside_camera() {
+    fn camera_point_outside_image() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -219,7 +259,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
+    fn camera_point_outside_image_negative() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -234,7 +274,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aspect_ratio() {
+    fn camera_aspect_ratio() {
         // Scale 100 for an image 1600 x 900 gives an effective X range of [-8, 8],
         // and effective Y range of [-4.5, 4.5]
         let camera = Camera::new(
-- 
2.52.0


From 4e508884ae057ce1b044c08544c5da386924e97d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 11:30:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 4/7] Implement transform colors

---
 enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs      |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs  |  38 +++++++----
 enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs         |   2 +-
 enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs   | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs   |   6 ++
 6 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
index 55d0001..87991b4 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_camera;
 use enkou_shaders::chaos_game::entry::main_chaos_game;
 use enkou_shaders::transform::Transform;
 use enkou_shaders::variation::Variation;
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, uvec2};
+use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
 use image::{GrayImage, Luma};
 use std::mem;
 use std::process::Command;
@@ -21,16 +21,19 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
         // F_1: ((x + 1) / 2, y / 2)
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
         // F_2: (x / 2, (y + 1) / 2)
         Transform::new(
             Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5),
             uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
         ),
     ];
 
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
 
     let mut output_points_ifs = Vec::new();
-    output_points_ifs.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec2::ZERO);
+    output_points_ifs.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
 
     main_chaos_game(
         ITERATIONS_DISCARD,
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 10c4d84..0cf6863 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -93,18 +93,19 @@ impl Camera {
 /// Shader entry point for running the camera transformation over a list of IFS coordinates
 pub mod entry {
     use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use spirv_std::glam::{IVec2, Vec2};
+    use glam::{Vec4, Vec4Swizzles};
+    use spirv_std::glam::IVec2;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
     /// Transform IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
     #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_camera", threads(1)))]
     pub fn main_camera(
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] camera: &Camera,
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec4],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] coordinates_pixel: &mut [IVec2],
     ) {
         for i in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
-            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i])
+            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i].xy())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
index 8ac3858..a403024 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/chaos_game.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 //!
 //! This algorithm is also known as the ["chaos game"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_game),
 //! and it forms the basic system for producing images.
-
 use crate::transform::Transform;
 use crate::variation::Variation;
 use rand::distr::{Distribution, StandardUniform};
@@ -36,13 +35,14 @@ impl Distribution<f32> for BiUnit {
 /// * `weights` - Weights are assumed to be normalized; adding all elements together should return the value 1
 pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
     point: Vec2,
+    color: f32,
     rng: &mut R,
     transforms: &[Transform],
     weights: &[f32],
     variations: &[Variation],
-) -> (Vec2, u32) {
+) -> (Vec2, f32, usize) {
     let mut choice_weight = rng.sample::<f32, _>(StandardUniform);
-    let mut transform_index: u32 = 0;
+    let mut transform_index: usize = 0;
 
     for i in 0..weights.len() {
         choice_weight -= weights[i];
@@ -53,8 +53,10 @@ pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
         transform_index += 1;
     }
 
+    let ref transform = transforms[transform_index];
     (
-        transforms[transform_index as usize].transform_point(rng, variations, point),
+        transform.transform_point(rng, variations, point),
+        transform.transform_color(color),
         transform_index,
     )
 }
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ pub fn step_chaos_game<R: Rng>(
 /// New points in the chaos game are produced by iterating on the chaos game.
 pub struct ChaosGame<'a, R: Rng> {
     current_point: Vec2,
+    current_color: f32,
     rng: &'a mut R,
     transforms: &'a [Transform],
     weights: &'a [f32],
@@ -79,9 +82,9 @@ impl<'a, R: Rng> ChaosGame<'a, R> {
         weights: &'a [f32],
         variations: &'a [Variation],
     ) -> Self {
-        let current_point = vec2(rng.sample(BiUnit), rng.sample(BiUnit));
         ChaosGame {
-            current_point,
+            current_point: vec2(rng.sample(BiUnit), rng.sample(BiUnit)),
+            current_color: rng.sample(StandardUniform),
             rng,
             transforms,
             weights,
@@ -91,19 +94,21 @@ impl<'a, R: Rng> ChaosGame<'a, R> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, R: Rng> Iterator for ChaosGame<'a, R> {
-    type Item = Vec2;
+    type Item = (Vec2, f32);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let (next_point, _) = step_chaos_game(
+        let (next_point, next_color, _) = step_chaos_game(
             self.current_point,
+            self.current_color,
             self.rng,
             self.transforms,
             self.weights,
             self.variations,
         );
         self.current_point = next_point;
+        self.current_color = next_color;
 
-        Some(next_point)
+        Some((next_point, next_color))
     }
 }
 
@@ -113,11 +118,17 @@ pub mod entry {
     use crate::rng::xoshiro256starstar_from_seed;
     use crate::transform::Transform;
     use crate::variation::Variation;
-    use glam::Vec2;
+    use glam::Vec4;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
     /// Given a set of fractal flame parameters, generate new IFS coordinates
     /// and store them in the output array.
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `iteration_discard` - Choas game steps to discard prior to recording into the output buffer
+    /// * `output` - Output buffer to record chaos game steps into. Because of alignment issues,
+    ///     the output is recorded as a [`Vec4`]; the IFS (x, y) coordinate is in `x` and `y`,
+    ///     and color is in `w`
     #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_chaos_game", threads(1)))]
     pub fn main_chaos_game(
         #[spirv(spec_constant(id = 1, default = 20))] iteration_discard: u32,
@@ -125,7 +136,7 @@ pub mod entry {
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] transforms: &[Transform],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 2)] weights: &[f32],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 3)] variations: &[Variation],
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] output: &mut [Vec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] output: &mut [Vec4],
     ) {
         let mut rng_seed_actual = [0u8; 32];
         (0..32).for_each(|i| rng_seed_actual[i] = rng_seed[i]);
@@ -138,7 +149,10 @@ pub mod entry {
         }
 
         for i in 0..output.len() {
-            output[i] = chaos_game.next().unwrap();
+            output[i] = chaos_game
+                .next()
+                .map(|output| (output.0, 0.0, output.1).into())
+                .unwrap();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
index 7dbeae8..0c7cb2e 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/rng.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) fn xoshiro256starstar_from_seed(
 ) -> Xoshiro256StarStar {
     let mut rng_state_actual = [0u64; 4];
 
-    // NOTE: Bit shifting is bad, but we don't have great alternatives:
+    // NOTE: Bit shifting is tedious, but we don't have great alternatives:
     //  - `chunks_exact` has issues with pointer casting
     //  - `u64::from_le_bytes` has issues with `OpBitcast` in SPIR-V validation
     for i in 0..rng_state_actual.len() {
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
index 3b8badc..1dc9965 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/transform.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! but produce more interesting images once we add variations.
 use crate::variation::Variation;
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
-use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2};
+use glam::{Affine2, FloatExt, UVec2, Vec2};
 use rand::Rng;
 
 /// Affine transform for use in the [`chaos_game`](crate::chaos_game).
@@ -14,14 +14,21 @@ use rand::Rng;
 pub struct Transform {
     coefficients: Affine2,
     variation_range: UVec2,
+    color: Vec2,
 }
 
 impl Transform {
     /// Create a new transform from an affine transformation matrix
-    pub fn new(coefficients: Affine2, variation_range: UVec2) -> Self {
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `coefficients` - Affine transform coefficients for this transformation. Applied prior to variations
+    /// * `variation_range` - (half-open) range of variations to apply during [`Self::transform_point`]
+    /// * `color` - Color value and speed to apply during [`Self::transform_color`]
+    pub fn new(coefficients: Affine2, variation_range: UVec2, color: Vec2) -> Self {
         Transform {
             coefficients,
             variation_range,
+            color,
         }
     }
 
@@ -45,4 +52,105 @@ impl Transform {
 
         point_output
     }
+
+    /// Mix an existing color with this transform's color
+    pub fn transform_color(&self, color: f32) -> f32 {
+        color.lerp(self.color.x, self.color.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::Coefficients2;
+    use crate::transform::Transform;
+    use crate::variation::{Variation, VariationKind};
+    use core::convert::Infallible;
+    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, uvec2, vec2};
+    use rand::TryRng;
+
+    struct NullRng;
+
+    impl NullRng {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            NullRng
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl TryRng for NullRng {
+        type Error = Infallible;
+
+        fn try_next_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Self::Error> {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+
+        fn try_next_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Self::Error> {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+
+        fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+            dst.iter_mut().for_each(|b| *b = 0);
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_identity() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.0));
+        let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(1.0, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(1.0, 1.0)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_scaling() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(
+            Affine2::from_coefficients(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0),
+            uvec2(0, 1),
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
+        );
+        let variations = [Variation::IDENTITY];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 0.5)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(0.5, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(0.5, 0.5)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_point_scaling_variation() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.0));
+        let variations = [Variation::new(VariationKind::Linear, 2.0, [0.0; 4].into())];
+
+        let transform_point =
+            |point: Vec2| transform.transform_point(&mut NullRng::new(), &variations, point);
+        for (input, expected) in [
+            (vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(0.0, 2.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(2.0, 0.0)),
+            (vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(2.0, 2.0)),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(transform_point(input), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_color_mixing() {
+        let transform = Transform::new(Affine2::IDENTITY, uvec2(0, 1), vec2(0.0, 0.5));
+
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(0.0), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(1.0), 0.5);
+        assert_eq!(transform.transform_color(0.5), 0.25);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
index 06a0df0..381b9be 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/variation.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ use rand::{Rng, RngExt};
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct VariationParams([f32; 4]);
 
+impl From<[f32; 4]> for VariationParams {
+    fn from(value: [f32; 4]) -> Self {
+        VariationParams(value)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Enum for all supported variation types
 ///
 /// ID numbers are chosen to match the variation identifier also used by `flam3`
-- 
2.52.0


From 5bd325d0ea06f944bce770d5ccf4eef7139ae553 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 14:07:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 5/7] Implement camera colors

Still needs some unit tests, and to fix the gasket example
---
 enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs     |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs   |   7 +-
 enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs |  34 ++++----
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs      | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs b/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
index 117b150..78f08d6 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders-tests/build.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ pub fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     builder.build_script.defaults = true;
     builder.shader_panic_strategy = ShaderPanicStrategy::SilentExit;
     builder.spirv_metadata = SpirvMetadata::Full;
-    builder.capabilities = vec![Capability::Int8, Capability::Int16, Capability::Int64];
+    builder.capabilities = vec![
+        Capability::Int8,
+        Capability::Int16,
+        Capability::Int64,
+        Capability::Float64,
+    ];
 
     let compile_result = builder.build()?;
     let spv_path = compile_result.module.unwrap_single();
diff --git a/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs b/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
index 5827196..dd97640 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders-tests/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn has_entry_main_camera() {
-        assert!(has_entry_point(ExecutionModel::GLCompute, "main_camera"))
+    pub fn has_entry_main_image_render() {
+        assert!(has_entry_point(
+            ExecutionModel::GLCompute,
+            "main_image_render"
+        ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
index 87991b4..21b2af9 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use enkou_shaders::Coefficients2;
 use enkou_shaders::camera::Camera;
-use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_camera;
+use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_image_render;
 use enkou_shaders::chaos_game::entry::main_chaos_game;
 use enkou_shaders::transform::Transform;
 use enkou_shaders::variation::Variation;
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
-use image::{GrayImage, Luma};
+use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
+use image::{Rgba, Rgba32FImage};
 use std::mem;
 use std::process::Command;
 use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
@@ -62,20 +62,26 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
         IMAGE_DIMENSION.as_vec2(),
     );
 
+    let palette = &[Vec4::ONE; 2];
+
     let mut output_points_pixel = Vec::new();
-    output_points_pixel.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, IVec2::ZERO);
+    output_points_pixel.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
 
-    main_camera(&camera, &output_points_ifs, &mut output_points_pixel);
+    main_image_render(
+        &camera,
+        palette,
+        &output_points_ifs,
+        &mut output_points_pixel,
+    );
 
-    let mut image = GrayImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
-    let dimensions = image.dimensions();
-    output_points_pixel
-        .iter()
-        .skip_while(|p| {
-            p.x < 0 || (p.x as u32) > dimensions.0 || p.y < 0 || (p.y as u32) > dimensions.1
-        })
-        .map(|p| (p.x as u32, p.y as u32))
-        .for_each(|(x, y)| image.put_pixel(x, y, Luma([255u8])));
+    let mut image = Rgba32FImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
+    for x in 0..image.dimensions().0 {
+        for y in 0..image.dimensions().1 {
+            let pixel_index = y * IMAGE_DIMENSION.x + x;
+            let pixel = output_points_pixel[pixel_index as usize];
+            image.put_pixel(x, y, Rgba(pixel.into()));
+        }
+    }
 
     let temp = NamedTempFile::with_suffix(".png").context("Unable to create file for image")?;
     image.save(temp.path()).context("Unable to save image")?;
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 0cf6863..82a752f 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,47 @@
 //!
 //! Map points from the IFS coordinate system to pixel coordinates. This is a lossy transformation.
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
-use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, vec2};
-use libm::powf;
+use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, Vec4Swizzles, vec2};
+use libm::{ceilf, floorf, powf};
+
+/// Blending modes for mapping IFS color values (which are on a scale `[0, 1]`)
+/// to RGBA colors.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum BlendMode {
+    /// Map IFS color values to a linear blend of the nearest two palette colors
+    Linear = 0,
+
+    /// Map IFS color values to the nearest single palette color
+    Step = 1,
+}
+
+impl Default for BlendMode {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        BlendMode::Linear
+    }
+}
+
+impl BlendMode {
+    /// Map an IFS color value to RGBA color from the provided palette.
+    pub fn ifs_to_rgb(&self, color: f32, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Vec4 {
+        let palette_index = color * palette.len() as f32;
+        let palette_index_lower = floorf(palette_index) as usize;
+        let palette_index_upper = ceilf(palette_index) as usize;
+
+        match self {
+            BlendMode::Linear => {
+                (palette[palette_index_lower] + palette[palette_index_upper]) / 2.0
+            }
+            BlendMode::Step => palette[palette_index_lower],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// UNSAFE: Sound because enum has guaranteed layout (u32) and defined zero-value
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Zeroable for BlendMode {}
+// UNSAFE: Sound because enum has guaranteed layout (u32) and defined zero-value
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for BlendMode {}
 
 /// Settings used to map IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates.
 ///
@@ -14,6 +53,8 @@ use libm::powf;
 pub struct Camera {
     dimensions: UVec2,
     transform: Affine2,
+    blend_mode: BlendMode,
+    image_gamma: f32,
 }
 
 impl Camera {
@@ -50,62 +91,70 @@ impl Camera {
         Camera {
             dimensions,
             transform,
+            blend_mode: BlendMode::Linear,
+            image_gamma: 1.5,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use glam::{vec2, ivec2, uvec2, Vec2};
-    /// # use crate::enkou_shaders::camera::Camera;
-    /// // Output image is 600x600 pixels, centered at the origin, no rotation, no zoom,
-    /// // and scaled such that it covers the range [-2, 2].
-    /// // Use the origin as the IFS coordinate, so the pixel coordinate is the center of the image
-    /// let camera = Camera::new(
-    ///     uvec2(600, 600),
-    ///     Vec2::ZERO,
-    ///     0.0,
-    ///     Vec2::ZERO,
-    ///     vec2(150.0, 150.0)
-    /// );
-    /// assert_eq!(camera.transform_point(vec2(0.0, 0.0)), ivec2(300, 300));
-    /// ```
-    pub fn transform_point(&self, point: Vec2) -> IVec2 {
+    fn transform_point(&self, point: Vec2) -> IVec2 {
         self.transform.transform_point2(point).as_ivec2()
     }
 
-    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates (like [`transform_point`](Camera::transform_point)),
-    /// and check that the result is within the provided image dimensions.
-    pub fn transform_point_to_image(&self, point: Vec2) -> Option<UVec2> {
-        let pixel_coordinates = self.transform_point(point);
+    /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to a pixel index and RGBA value; if the IFS coordinate
+    /// is outside the viewable range, return [`None`].
+    pub fn transform_point_to_image(&self, point: Vec4, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Option<(usize, Vec4)> {
+        let pixel_coordinates = self.transform_point(point.xy());
         if pixel_coordinates.x < 0
             || pixel_coordinates.y < 0
             || (pixel_coordinates.x as u32) >= self.dimensions.x
             || (pixel_coordinates.y as u32) >= self.dimensions.y
         {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(pixel_coordinates.as_uvec2())
+            return None;
         }
+
+        let to_pixel_index = self.dimensions.with_y(0);
+        let pixel_index = pixel_coordinates.as_uvec2().dot(to_pixel_index) as usize;
+
+        let rgba = self.blend_mode.ifs_to_rgb(point.w, palette);
+
+        Some((pixel_index, rgba))
     }
 }
 
-/// Shader entry point for running the camera transformation over a list of IFS coordinates
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
 pub mod entry {
     use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use glam::{Vec4, Vec4Swizzles};
-    use spirv_std::glam::IVec2;
+    use glam::Vec4;
+    use libm::log10f;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
-    /// Transform IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
-    #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_camera", threads(1)))]
-    pub fn main_camera(
+    /// Render an output image from a list of IFS coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// Arguments:
+    /// * `camera` - Camera settings for mapping IFS coordinates to pixel coordinates
+    /// * `palette` - Color palette to use when mapping IFS color to RGB colors. Individual elements
+    ///     are assumed to be RGBA values on the scale of `[0, 1]`
+    /// * `coordinates_ifs` - IFS coordinates to use for the output image
+    /// * `image` - Buffer for the output image
+    #[spirv(compute(entry_point_name = "main_image_render", threads(1)))]
+    pub fn main_image_render(
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] camera: &Camera,
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] palette: &[Vec4],
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] coordinates_ifs: &[Vec4],
-        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] coordinates_pixel: &mut [IVec2],
+        #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] image: &mut [Vec4],
     ) {
-        for i in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
-            coordinates_pixel[i] = camera.transform_point(coordinates_ifs[i].xy())
+        for coordinate_index in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
+            camera
+                .transform_point_to_image(coordinates_ifs[coordinate_index], palette)
+                .map(|(pixel_index, rgba)| image[pixel_index] += rgba);
+        }
+
+        for pixel_index in 0..image.len() {
+            // TODO: Fix the bootleg gamma adjustment
+            let pixel_unscaled = image[pixel_index];
+            let pixel =
+                pixel_unscaled * log10f(pixel_unscaled.w) / (pixel_unscaled.w * camera.image_gamma);
+            image[pixel_index] = pixel;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -117,7 +166,7 @@ mod test {
     use libm::powf;
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn manual_camera() {
+    fn manual_camera() {
         let starting_point = vec2(1.0, 1.0);
 
         // Move the origin; points move right and up by one unit, giving us (2.0, 2.0)
@@ -155,7 +204,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn point_outside_camera() {
+    fn point_outside_camera() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -170,7 +219,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
+    fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -185,7 +234,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    pub fn aspect_ratio() {
+    fn aspect_ratio() {
         // Scale 100 for an image 1600 x 900 gives an effective X range of [-8, 8],
         // and effective Y range of [-4.5, 4.5]
         let camera = Camera::new(
-- 
2.52.0


From 0d9d2b693ee247a64eb8cf2085fa6c124278ece3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 16:18:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 6/7] Fix palette blend modes, add unit tests

---
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 82a752f..93adbee 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! Map points from the IFS coordinate system to pixel coordinates. This is a lossy transformation.
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
 use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, Vec4Swizzles, vec2};
-use libm::{ceilf, floorf, powf};
+use libm::{floorf, powf};
 
 /// Blending modes for mapping IFS color values (which are on a scale `[0, 1]`)
 /// to RGBA colors.
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ impl Default for BlendMode {
 impl BlendMode {
     /// Map an IFS color value to RGBA color from the provided palette.
     pub fn ifs_to_rgb(&self, color: f32, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Vec4 {
-        let palette_index = color * palette.len() as f32;
-        let palette_index_lower = floorf(palette_index) as usize;
-        let palette_index_upper = ceilf(palette_index) as usize;
+        let colors_m_one = palette.len() - 1;
+        let period = 1.0 / colors_m_one as f32;
+        let index_lower = floorf(color / period) as usize;
+        let index_upper = (index_lower + 1).clamp(0, colors_m_one);
+        let rem = color % period / period;
 
         match self {
-            BlendMode::Linear => {
-                (palette[palette_index_lower] + palette[palette_index_upper]) / 2.0
-            }
-            BlendMode::Step => palette[palette_index_lower],
+            BlendMode::Linear => palette[index_lower].lerp(palette[index_upper], rem),
+            BlendMode::Step => palette[index_lower],
         }
     }
 }
@@ -161,12 +161,52 @@ pub mod entry {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use crate::camera::Camera;
-    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, ivec2, uvec2, vec2};
+    use crate::camera::{BlendMode, Camera};
+    use glam::{Affine2, Vec2, Vec4, ivec2, uvec2, vec2};
     use libm::powf;
 
+    fn vec4s(value: f32) -> Vec4 {
+        Vec4::splat(value)
+    }
+
     #[test]
-    fn manual_camera() {
+    fn blend_linear() {
+        let ifs_to_rgb = |color, palette| BlendMode::Linear.ifs_to_rgb(color, palette);
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(0.0), vec4s(1.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(0.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(0.5));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(2.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(3.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0), vec4s(4.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), vec4s(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(2.5));
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), vec4s(4.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blend_step() {
+        let ifs_to_rgb = |color, palette| BlendMode::Step.ifs_to_rgb(color, palette);
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(0.0), vec4s(1.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), vec4s(0.0));
+
+        let palette = &[vec4s(1.0), vec4s(2.0), vec4s(3.0)];
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.0, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.25, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.4, palette), palette[0]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.5, palette), palette[1]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(0.7, palette), palette[1]);
+        assert_eq!(ifs_to_rgb(1.0, palette), palette[2]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn camera_manual() {
         let starting_point = vec2(1.0, 1.0);
 
         // Move the origin; points move right and up by one unit, giving us (2.0, 2.0)
@@ -204,7 +244,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn point_outside_camera() {
+    fn camera_point_outside_image() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -219,7 +259,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn point_outside_camera_negative() {
+    fn camera_point_outside_image_negative() {
         // Scale 250 for an image 1000 x 1000 gives an effective range of [-2, 2]
         let camera = Camera::new(
             uvec2(1000, 1000),
@@ -234,7 +274,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aspect_ratio() {
+    fn camera_aspect_ratio() {
         // Scale 100 for an image 1600 x 900 gives an effective X range of [-8, 8],
         // and effective Y range of [-4.5, 4.5]
         let camera = Camera::new(
-- 
2.52.0


From 6a7ce141374d38988b0919efefd678bc246434e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bradlee Speice <bradlee@speice.io>
Date: Sat, 4 Jul 2026 12:23:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 7/7] Start fixes for the gasket example

The image is inverted for reasons I don't entirely understand yet
---
 enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs | 17 +++++++++------
 enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs      | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
index 21b2af9..5b147ed 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/examples/gasket.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use enkou_shaders::camera::entry::main_image_render;
 use enkou_shaders::chaos_game::entry::main_chaos_game;
 use enkou_shaders::transform::Transform;
 use enkou_shaders::variation::Variation;
-use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
-use image::{Rgba, Rgba32FImage};
+use glam::{Affine2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec2Swizzles, Vec4, uvec2, vec2};
+use image::{Rgba, RgbaImage};
 use std::mem;
 use std::process::Command;
 use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let palette = &[Vec4::ONE; 2];
 
     let mut output_points_pixel = Vec::new();
-    output_points_pixel.resize(ITERATIONS as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
+    output_points_pixel.resize(IMAGE_DIMENSION.xy().element_product() as usize, Vec4::ZERO);
 
     main_image_render(
         &camera,
@@ -74,11 +74,16 @@ pub fn main() -> Result<()> {
         &mut output_points_pixel,
     );
 
-    let mut image = Rgba32FImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
-    for x in 0..image.dimensions().0 {
-        for y in 0..image.dimensions().1 {
+    let mut image = RgbaImage::new(IMAGE_DIMENSION.x, IMAGE_DIMENSION.y);
+    for y in 0..image.dimensions().1 {
+        for x in 0..image.dimensions().0 {
             let pixel_index = y * IMAGE_DIMENSION.x + x;
             let pixel = output_points_pixel[pixel_index as usize];
+            let pixel = pixel.to_array().map(|channel| {
+                let channel = if channel.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { channel };
+                let channel = channel * u8::MAX as f32;
+                channel as u8
+            });
             image.put_pixel(x, y, Rgba(pixel.into()));
         }
     }
diff --git a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
index 93adbee..90b0af6 100644
--- a/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
+++ b/enkou-shaders/src/camera.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! Map points from the IFS coordinate system to pixel coordinates. This is a lossy transformation.
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
 use glam::{Affine2, IVec2, UVec2, Vec2, Vec4, Vec4Swizzles, vec2};
-use libm::{floorf, powf};
+use libm::{floorf, log10f, powf};
 
 /// Blending modes for mapping IFS color values (which are on a scale `[0, 1]`)
 /// to RGBA colors.
@@ -102,7 +102,11 @@ impl Camera {
 
     /// Map a point from IFS coordinates to a pixel index and RGBA value; if the IFS coordinate
     /// is outside the viewable range, return [`None`].
-    pub fn transform_point_to_image(&self, point: Vec4, palette: &[Vec4]) -> Option<(usize, Vec4)> {
+    pub fn transform_point_to_image_hist(
+        &self,
+        point: Vec4,
+        palette: &[Vec4],
+    ) -> Option<(usize, Vec4)> {
         let pixel_coordinates = self.transform_point(point.xy());
         if pixel_coordinates.x < 0
             || pixel_coordinates.y < 0
@@ -112,20 +116,29 @@ impl Camera {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let to_pixel_index = self.dimensions.with_y(0);
+        let to_pixel_index = self.dimensions.with_y(1);
         let pixel_index = pixel_coordinates.as_uvec2().dot(to_pixel_index) as usize;
 
         let rgba = self.blend_mode.ifs_to_rgb(point.w, palette);
 
         Some((pixel_index, rgba))
     }
+
+    /// Map an accumulated RGBA value to the final pixel color value
+    pub fn transform_image_hist_to_rgba(&self, pixel: Vec4) -> Vec4 {
+        if pixel.w <= 0.0 {
+            Vec4::ZERO
+        } else {
+            // TODO: Fix the bootleg gamma adjustment
+            (pixel * log10f(pixel.w) / (pixel.w * self.image_gamma)).clamp(Vec4::ZERO, Vec4::ONE)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
 pub mod entry {
     use crate::camera::Camera;
     use glam::Vec4;
-    use libm::log10f;
     use spirv_std::spirv;
 
     /// Render an output image from a list of IFS coordinates.
@@ -144,17 +157,16 @@ pub mod entry {
         #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 1, binding = 0)] image: &mut [Vec4],
     ) {
         for coordinate_index in 0..coordinates_ifs.len() {
-            camera
-                .transform_point_to_image(coordinates_ifs[coordinate_index], palette)
-                .map(|(pixel_index, rgba)| image[pixel_index] += rgba);
+            if let Some((pixel_index, rgba)) =
+                camera.transform_point_to_image_hist(coordinates_ifs[coordinate_index], palette)
+            {
+                image[pixel_index] += rgba;
+            }
         }
 
         for pixel_index in 0..image.len() {
-            // TODO: Fix the bootleg gamma adjustment
-            let pixel_unscaled = image[pixel_index];
-            let pixel =
-                pixel_unscaled * log10f(pixel_unscaled.w) / (pixel_unscaled.w * camera.image_gamma);
-            image[pixel_index] = pixel;
+            let rgba = camera.transform_image_hist_to_rgba(image[pixel_index]);
+            image[pixel_index] = rgba;
         }
     }
 }
-- 
2.52.0